RAYNAUD’S PHENOMENON: A MULTIDISCIPLINARY PROBLEM

Cover Page


Cite item

Full Text

Abstract

Raynaud’s phenomenon (RP) is a common medical condition with prevalence in the population about 3–5%. RP is subdivided into primary form manifesting mainly in children and adolescents, and secondary RP affecting elder patients. Secondary RP is frequently associated with systemic rheumatic disorders, endocrine and hematological diseases and certain infections. It also may be due to exogenous factors. Thus, RP is an actual problem in the practice of rheumatologists, pediatric physicians, infectious diseases specialists, hematologists and other medical practitioners. This clinical lecture discusses in detail current approaches to diagnosis and differential diagnosis of RP.

About the authors

R. T. Alekperov

Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI); 61/2 Shchepkina ul., Moscow, 129110, Russian Federation
V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences; 34А Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow, 115522, Russian Federation

Author for correspondence.
Email: ralekperov@list.ru

MD, PhD, Professor, Internal Diseases Department, Postgraduate Medical School;

Senior Research Associate

Россия

References

  1. Palmer KT, Griffin MJ, Syddall H, Pannett B, Cooper C, Coggon D. Prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in Great Britain and its relation to hand transmitted vibration: a national postal survey. Occup Environ Med. 2000;57(7):448–52.
  2. Silman A. Raynaud’s phenomenon in general practice. Nurs times. 1990;86(46):52–3.
  3. Bartelink ML, Wollersheim H, van de Lisdonk E, Spruijt R, van Weel C. Prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Neth J Med. 1992;41(3–4):149–52.
  4. Leppert J, Aberg H, Ringqvist I, Sörensson S. Raynaud’s phenomenon in a female population: prevalence and association with other conditions. Angiology. 1987;38(12):871–7.
  5. Valter I, Maricq HR. Prevalence of Raynaud phenomenon in Tartu and Tartumaa, southern Es-tonia. Scand J Rheumatol. 1997;26(2):117–24.
  6. Maricq HR, Carpentier PH, Weinrich MC, Keil JE, Franco A, Drouet P, Ponçot OC, Maines MV. Geographic variation in the prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon: Charleston, SC, USA,
  7. vs Tarentaise, Savoie, France. J Rheumatol. 1993;20(1):70–6.
  8. Czirják L, Kiss CG, Lövei C, Süto G, Varjú C, Füzesi Z, Illés T, Nagy Z. Survey of Raynaud’s phenomenon and systemic sclerosis based on a representative study of 10,000 south-Trans-danubian Hungarian inhabitants. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2005;23(6):801–8.
  9. Voulgari PV, Alamanos Y, Papazisi D, Christou K, Papanikolaou C, Drosos AA. Prevalence of Ray-naud’s phenomenon in a healthy Greek population. Ann Rheum Dis. 2000;59(3):206–10.
  10. Riera G, Vilardell M, Vaqué J, Fonollosa V, Bermejo B. Prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in a healthy Spanish population. J Rheumatol. 1993;20(1):66–9.
  11. De Angelis R, Salaffi F, Grassi W. Raynaud’s phenomenon: prevalence in an Italian population sample. Clin Rheumatol. 2006;25(4):506–10.
  12. Onbaşi K, Sahin I, Onbaşi O, Ustün Y, Koca D. Raynaud’s phenomenon in a healthy Turkish population. Clin Rheumatol. 2005;24(4): 365–9.
  13. Suter LG, Murabito JM, Felson DT, Fraenkel L. The incidence and natural history of Raynaud’s phenomenon in the community. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52(4):1259–63.
  14. Fraenkel L, Zhang Y, Chaisson CE, Maricq HR, Evans SR, Brand F, Wilson PW, Felson DT. Different factors influencing the expression of Raynaud’s phenomenon in men and women. Arthritis Rheum. 1999;42(2):306–10.
  15. Maricq HR, Carpentier PH, Weinrich MC, Keil JE, Palesch Y, Biro C, Vionnet-Fuasset M, Jiguet M, Valter I. Geographic variation in the prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon: a 5 region compari son. J Rheumatol. 1997;24(5): 879–89.
  16. Jones GT, Herrick AL, Woodham SE, Bail-dam EM, Macfarlane GJ, Silman AJ. Occurrence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in children ages 12–15 years: prevalence and association with other common symptoms. Arthritis Rheum. 2003;48(12):3518–21.
  17. Harada N, Ueda A, Takegata S. Prevalence of Raynaud’s phenomenon in Japanese males and females. J Clin Epidemiol. 1991;44(7):649–55.
  18. Ling SM, Wigley FM. Raynaud’s phenomenon in older adults: diagnostic considerations and management. Drugs Aging. 1999;15(3):183–95.
  19. Bakst R, Merola JF, Franks AG Jr, Sanchez M. Raynaud’s phenomenon: pathogenesis and management. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2008;59(4): 633–53.
  20. Kahaleh B, Matucci-Cerinic M. Raynaud’s phenomenon and scleroderma. Dysregulated neuroendothelial control of vascular tone. Arthritis Rheum. 1995;38(1):1–4.
  21. Herrick AL. Pathogenesis of Raynaud’s phenomenon. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2005;44(5): 587–96.
  22. Bailey SR, Eid AH, Mitra S, Flavahan S, Flavahan NA. Rho kinase mediates cold-induced constriction of cutaneous arteries: role of alpha2C-adrenoceptor translocation. Circ Res. 2004;94(10):1367–74.
  23. Bailey SR, Mitra S, Flavahan S, Flavahan NA. Reactive oxygen species from smooth muscle mi-tochondria initiate cold-induced constriction of cutaneous arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2005;289(1):H243–50.
  24. Raynaud M. Local asphyxia and symmetrical gangrene of the extremities. Paris: MD Thesis; 1862. In: English translation: selected monographs. London: New Sydenham Society; 1888.
  25. Lewis T. Experiments relating to the peripheral mechanisms involved in spasmodic arrest of the circulation in the fingers, a variety of Ray-naud’s disease. Heart. 1929;15:7–101.
  26. LeRoy EC, Medsger TA Jr. Raynaud’s phenomenon: a proposal for classification. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 1992;10(5):485–8.
  27. Kallenberg CG. Early detection of connective tissue disease in patients with Raynaud’s phenomenon. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 1990;16(1):11–30.
  28. De Angelis R, Del Medico P, Blasetti P, Cervini C. Raynaud’s phenomenon: clinical spectrum of 118 patients. Clin Rheumatol. 2003;22(4–5):279–84.
  29. Allen EV, Brown GE. Raynaud’s disease: a critical review of minimal requisites for diagnosis. Am J Med Sci. 1932;183:187–200.
  30. Summers A. From white to blue to red: Raynaud’s phenomenon. Emerg Nurse. 2005;13(7):18–20.
  31. Maricq HR, Weinrich MC, Keil JE, Smith EA, Harper FE, Nussbaum AI, LeRoy EC, McGregor AR, Diat F, Rosal EJ. Prevalence of scleroderma spectrum disorders in the general population of South Carolina. Arthritis Rheum. 1989;32(8):998–1006.
  32. Planchon B, Pistorius MA, Beurrier P, De Fau-cal P. Primary Raynaud’s phenomenon. Age of onset and pathogenesis in a prospective study of 424 patients. Angiology. 1994;45(8): 677–86.
  33. Freedman RR, Mayes MD. Familial aggregation of primary Raynaud’s disease. Arthritis Rheum. 1996;39(7):1189–91.
  34. Herrick AL, Clark S. Quantifying digital vascular disease in patients with primary Raynaud’s phenomenon and systemic sclerosis. Ann Rheum Dis. 1998;57(2):70–8.
  35. Keberle M, Tony HP, Jahns R, Hau M, Haerten R, Jenett M. Assessment of microvascular changes in Raynaud’s phenomenon and connective tissue disease using colour doppler ultrasound. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2000;39(11): 1206–13.
  36. Wigley FM. Clinical practice. Raynaud’s phenomenon. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(13):1001–8.
  37. DiMaio AM, Singh J. The infant with cyanosis in the emergency room. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1992;39(5):987–1006.
  38. Sharathkumar AA, Castillo-Caro P. Primary Ray-naud’s phenomenon in an infant: a case report and review of literature. Pediatr Rheumatol On-line J. 2011;9:16.
  39. Krieger I, Brough AJ. Raynaud’s phenomenon in an infant. J Pediatr. 1972;80(1):145–51.
  40. Nigrovic PA, Fuhlbrigge RC, Sundel RP. Ray-naud’s phenomenon in children: a retrospective review of 123 patients. Pediatrics. 2003;111(4 Pt 1):715–21.
  41. García de la Peña-Lefebvre P, Rodríguez Ru-bio S, Valero Expósito M, Carmona L, Gámir Gámir ML, Beltrán Gutiérrez J, Díaz-Miguel C, Orte Martínez J, Zea Mendoza AC. Long-term experience of bosentan for treating ulcers and healed ulcers in systemic sclerosis patients. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2008;47(4):464–6.
  42. Spencer-Green G. Outcomes in primary Ray-naud phenomenon: a meta-analysis of the frequency, rates, and predictors of transition to secondary diseases. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158(6):595–600.
  43. Алекперов РТ. Синдром Рейно в практике ревматолога. Современная ревматология. 2014;(2):48–57. (Alekperov RT. [Raynaud’s phenomenon in the rheumatologist’s practice]. Sovremennaya revmatologiya. 2014;(2):48–57. Russian).

Supplementary files

Supplementary Files
Action
1. JATS XML
Download

Copyright (c) 2014 Alekperov R.T.

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

This website uses cookies

You consent to our cookies if you continue to use our website.

About Cookies