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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">918</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2018-46-7-682-689</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of ultrastructural abnormalities of the blood-brain barrier in the development of brain glioblastoma radioresistance</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль ультраструктурных изменений гематоэнцефалического барьера в развитии радиорезистентности глиобластомы головного мозга</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Balkanov</surname><given-names>A. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Балканов</surname><given-names>А. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Andrey S. Balkanov – </bold>MD, PhD, Head of Department of Radiology</p><p><italic>61/2 Shchepkina ul., Moscow, 129110</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Балканов Андрей Сергеевич – </bold>доктор медицинских наук, заведующий радиологическим отделением </p><p><italic>129110, г. Москва, ул. Щепкина, 61/2</italic></p></bio><email>andreybalkanov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Chernikov</surname><given-names>V. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Черников</surname><given-names>В. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Valeriy P. Chernikov – </bold>MD, PhD, Head of Laboratory of Cell Pathology</p><p><italic>3 Tsyurupy ul., Moscow, 117418</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Черников Валерий Петрович – </bold>кандидат медицинских наук, заведующий лабораторией патологии клетки</p><p><italic>117418, г. Москва, ул. Цюрупы,3</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golanov</surname><given-names>A. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голанов</surname><given-names>А. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Andrey V. Golanov – </bold>Member-Correspondent of Russian Academy of Sciences, MD, PhD, Professor, Head of Department of Radiology and Radiosurgery</p><p><italic>4-ya Tverskaya-Yamskaya ul., Moscow, 125047</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Голанов Андрей Владимирович – </bold>член-корреспондент РАН, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующий отделением радиологии и радиохирургии</p><p><italic>125047, г. Москва, ул. 4-я Тверская Ямская, 16</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ МО «Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Institute of Human Morphology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Burdenko Neurosurgery Research Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАУ «Научно-исследовательский институт нейрохирургии имени академика Н.Н. Бурденко» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-12-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>46</volume><issue>7</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>682</fpage><lpage>689</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-12-14"><day>14</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2018-12-14"><day>14</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Balkanov A.S., Chernikov V.P., Golanov A.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Балканов А.С., Черников В.П., Голанов А.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Balkanov A.S., Chernikov V.P., Golanov A.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Балканов А.С., Черников В.П., Голанов А.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/918">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/918</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p/><p><bold>Background: </bold>Glioblastoma (GB) is the most commonly diagnosed brain tumor. Its management involves adjuvant therapies, such as radiation. The cause of high probability of GB local relapse is its radioresistance related to hypoxia arising from abnormal blood-brain barrier permeability in GB vessels and in the peritumoral zone (PZ).</p><p><bold>Aim: </bold>To study pathophysiology of hypoxia in the residual GB based on the abnormalities of the morphological elements of the capillary walls building up the blood-brain barrier in GB and PZ capillaries.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods: </bold>Samples for morphological evaluation were taken during surgery for GB in 5 patients. The samples were prepared for transmission electron microscopy according to the standard technique with fixation in 2% glutaraldehyde in phosphate buﬀer, post-fixation with osmium tetroxide, embedding in the epon-araldite mixture, and contrast staining of ultrathin sections with uranylacetate and lead citrate. Abnormalities of the capillary cells (mitochondrial vacuolization and vacuolization of endoplasmic reticulum in endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes), as well as of the acellular element of the capillary wall, i.e. basement membrane, were assessed in two groups of capillaries – those of GB (n = 38) and those of PZ (n = 32).</p><p><bold>Results: </bold>Abnormalities characteristic for apoptosis and oncosis were found in the cells of the GB and PZ capillaries of the blood-brain barrier, such as endothelial cells and pericytes. However, in the GB capillaries these abnormalities were signifcantly more frequent (р &lt; 0.001). Only half (52.6%) of the GB capillaries had an edematous pericapillary astrocyte layer. In all other capillaries, astrocyte sprouts either were visualized as separate morphological elements (13.2%) or were not visualized at all (34.2%). All PZ capillaries had the astrocyte layer, being edematous in 68.8% of the capillaries and totally edematous only in 25%. Thickened basement membrane was found in the vast majority (89.5%) of the GB capillaries and only in 25% of the PZ capillaries (р &lt; 0.001).</p><bold>Conclusion: </bold>Findings of abnormal cell elements in the GB capillaries leading to peritumoral edema and consequent hypoxia are highly likely to be the cause of the remnant GB radioresistance.</abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность. </bold>Глиобластома (ГБ) – наиболее часто диагностируемая опухоль головного мозга, при лечении которой используются адъювантные методы лечения, включая лучевую терапию. Причиной высокой вероятности возникновения местного рецидива ГБ считается ее радиорезистентность, обусловленная в том числе развитием гипоксии в результате нарушения проницаемости гематоэнцефалического барьера в сосудах ГБ и перитуморальной зоны (ПЗ).</p><p><bold>Цель – </bold>изучить патогенез гипоксии в области резидуальной ГБ на основании данных об изменениях морфологических элементов сосудистой стенки капилляров, формирующих гематоэнцефалический барьер в капиллярах ГБ и ПЗ.</p><p><bold>Материал и методы. </bold>Морфологический материал был получен в процессе удаления ГБ головного мозга у 5 пациентов. Подготовку материала для исследования методом трансмиссионной электронной микроскопии осуществляли по стандартной методике с фиксацией образцов в 2% растворе глутаральдегида на фосфатном буфере, постфиксацией тетраоксидом осмия, заливкой в смесь эпона и аралдита и контрастированием ультратонких срезов уранилацетатом и цитратом свинца. В двух группах капилляров – ГБ (n = 38) и ПЗ (n = 32) – оценивали наличие изменений в клеточных элементах капилляров (вакуолизация митохондрии и вакуолизация эндоплазматического ретикулума в эндотелиоците, периците и астроците), а также состояние неклеточного элемента капиллярной стенки – базальной мембраны.</p><p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Выявлено наличие характерных для апоптоза и онкоза изменений в таких клеточных элементах, формирующих гематоэнцефалический барьер в капиллярах ГБ и ПЗ, как эндотелиоциты и перициты. Однако в капиллярах ГБ такие изменения выявлялись значительно чаще (р &lt; 0,001). Только в половине (52,6%) капилляров ГБ обнаружен перикапиллярный астроцитарный слой, находящийся в состоянии отека. В остальных случаях астроцитарные отростки либо визуализировались в виде отдельных структурных элементов (13,2%), либо вообще не были обнаружены (34,2%). В капиллярах ПЗ астроцитарный слой имел место во всех наблюдениях, его отек отмечен в 68,8% капилляров, при этом тотальный – только в 25%. Расширение базальной мембраны отмечено в подавляющем большинстве (89,5%) капилляров ГБ и только в 25% капилляров ПЗ (р &lt; 0,001).</p><p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Обнаруженные изменения клеточных элементов капилляров ГБ, обусловливающие формирование перитуморального отека и, как следствие, возникновение гипоксии, с высокой степенью вероятности служат причиной радиорезистентности резидуальной ГБ.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>glioblastoma</kwd><kwd>capillary</kwd><kwd>peritumoral zone</kwd><kwd>electron microscopy</kwd><kwd>endothelial cell</kwd><kwd>pericyte</kwd><kwd>astrocyte</kwd><kwd>basement membrane</kwd><kwd>blood-brain barrier</kwd><kwd>re-irradiation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>глиобластома</kwd><kwd>капилляр</kwd><kwd>перитуморальная зона</kwd><kwd>электронная микроскопия</kwd><kwd>эндотелиоцит</kwd><kwd>перицит</kwd><kwd>астроцит</kwd><kwd>базальная мембрана</kwd><kwd>гематоэнцефалический барьер</kwd><kwd>повторный курс лучевой терапии</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. 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