<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">916</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2018-46-7-662-671</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Contraction of blood clots and thrombi: pathogenic and clinical significance</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Контракция (ретракция) сгустков крови и тромбов: патогенетическое и клиническое значение</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Litvinov</surname><given-names>R. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Литвинов</surname><given-names>Р. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="US">United States</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Rustem I. Litvinov </bold>– MD, PhD, Professor, Senior Research Investigator, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine; Adjunct Professor, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology; Chief Researcher, Head of the Laboratory “Protein-Cell Interactions”, Kazan (Volga region) Federal University</p><p><italic>421 Curie Blvd., Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, </italic></p><p><italic>18 Kremlevskaya ul., Kazan, 420008</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Литвинов Рустем Игоревич – </bold>доктор медицинских наук, профессор, старший исследователь отдела клеточной биологии и биологии развития медицинского факультета Пенсильванского университета; профессор кафедры биохимии и биотехнологии Института фундаментальной медицины и биологии, главный научный сотрудник, руководитель научно-исследовательской лаборатории «Белково-клеточные взаимодействия» ФГАОУ ВО «Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет»</p><p><italic>19104, Пенсильвания, Филадельфия, бульвар Кюри, 421, <italic>420008, г. Казань, ул. Кремлевская, 18</italic></italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Peshkova</surname><given-names>A. D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пешкова</surname><given-names>А. Д.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Alina D. Peshkova </bold>– Postgraduate Student, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology; Junior Research Fellow, Laboratory “Protein-Cell Interactions”</p><p><italic>18 Kremlevskaya ul., Kazan, 420008</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Пешкова Алина Дмитриевна – </bold>аспирант кафедры биохимии и биотехнологии Института фундаментальной медицины и биологии, младший научный сотрудник научно-исследовательской лаборатории «Белково-клеточные взаимодействия»</p><p><italic>420008, г. Казань, ул. Кремлевская, 18</italic></p></bio><email>alinapeshkova@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Пенсильванский университет</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan (Volga region) Federal University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Казанский (Приволжский) федеральный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-12-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>46</volume><issue>7</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>662</fpage><lpage>671</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-12-13"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2018-12-13"><day>13</day><month>12</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Litvinov R.I., Peshkova A.D.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, Литвинов Р.И., Пешкова А.Д.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Litvinov R.I., Peshkova A.D.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Литвинов Р.И., Пешкова А.Д.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/916">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/916</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review is the frst systematic description of spontaneous blood clot shrinkage, aka clot retraction or contraction. The driver of this process is the contraction of the actin-myosin complex inside activated platelets. The platelet contractile force is transmitted via focal contacts to extracellular fbrin fbers, causing compaction of the three-dimensional fbrin network along with the embedded erythrocytes. The main structural consequences of clot contraction include redistribution of the fbrin-platelet meshwork toward the periphery of the clot and compression of erythrocytes in the core of the clot followed by their deformation into polyhedral cells called “polyhedrocytes”. These structural signatures of clot contraction in <italic>ex vivo </italic>thrombi and thrombotic emboli derived from various locations indicate that thrombi undergo intravital contraction within blood vessels <italic>in vivo</italic>. Pathogenic consequences of clot contraction may vary. Thus, contraction of a thrombus changes the vessel lumen, thereby modulating local blood ﬂow in the thrombotic occlusion area. Thrombus shrinkage changes its porosity and permeability for fbrinolytic enzymes. The extent of thrombus compression and densifcation can determine the likelihood of its mechanical rupture, i. e. thrombotic embolization. Several clinical studies have revealed that clot contraction is suppressed in the blood of patients with (pro)thrombotic conditions, such as ischemic stroke, venous thrombosis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. This reduction of clot contraction is due to platelet dysfunction caused by their chronic hyperactivation and energetic exhaustion. Clot contraction depends significantly on cellular and protein composition of the blood; in particular, a high hematocrit and hyperfbrinogenemia both reduce clot contraction, while activated monocytes enhance clot contraction by expressing tissue factor and promoting thrombin generation. The degree of clot contraction abnormalities in thrombotic states generally correlates with disease severity, which confrms the pathogenic importance of clot contraction. In patients with pulmonary embolism clot contraction is decreased signifcantly compared to that in isolated venous thrombosis, indirectly suggesting that a less compacted thrombus is more prone to embolization. This observation points to a potential diagnostic and prognostic value of the clot contraction assay as a novel test for ongoing or threatening thromboembolism. Collectively, contraction of blood clots and thrombi is an underappreciated and understudied process that has a major pathogenic and clinical signifcance in (pro)thrombotic conditions of various etiologies.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обзор представляет собой первое систематическое описание самопроизвольного сжатия сгустков крови, известного под названием ретракции, или контракции. Движущая сила этого процесса – сокращение актомиозинового комплекса внутри активированных тромбоцитов. Сократительная сила тромбоцитов передается через фокальные контакты на волокна фибрина, вызывая компактизацию трехмерной фибриновой сети и заключенных в ней эритроцитов. Главными структурными последствиями контракции сгустков крови считаются перераспределение фибрино-тромбоцитарных агрегатов на поверхность сгустка и компрессия эритроцитов в центре сгустка, их деформация с образованием многогранников (полиэдров), названных полиэдроцитами. Наличие морфологических признаков контракции в <italic>ex vivo </italic>тромбах и тромботических эмболах разной локализации свидетельствует о том, что они претерпевают прижизненную внутрисосудистую контракцию <italic>in vivo</italic>. Патогенетические последствия контракции тромбов могут быть разными. Так, степень контракции тромба изменяет просвет сосуда и тем самым модулирует локальную гемодинамику в области тромботической окклюзии; сжатие тромба меняет его порозность и проницаемость для фибринолитических ферментов; степень уплотнения может определять риск эмболизации, то есть отрыва тромба. Клинические исследования показали, что в крови больных с (про)тромботическими состояниями, такими как ишемический инсульт, венозный тромбоз, системная красная волчанка, контрактильная способность сгустков существенно угнетена вследствие дисфункции тромбоцитов, обусловленной их хронической гиперактивацией и энергетическим истощением. Контракция сгустков существенно зависит от белкового и клеточного состава крови, в частности, высокий гематокрит и гиперфибриногенемия угнетают контракцию, а активированные моноциты усиливают сокращение тромбоцитов путем экспрессии тканевого фактора и усиления генерации тромбина. Степень нарушения контракции сгустков крови при тромботических состояниях в целом коррелирует с тяжестью заболевания, что указывает на патогенетическое значение контракции. Достоверное снижение степени контракции у пациентов с легочной тромбоэмболией по сравнению с изолированным венозным тромбозом косвенно подтверждает, что менее сжатый тромб более склонен к эмболизации. Это говорит о потенциальном диагностическом и прогностическом значении лабораторного теста на контракцию сгустков крови как признака текущей или угрожающей тромбоэмболии. По совокупности имеющихся данных, контракция сгустков крови и тромбов представляет собой недооцененный и малоизученный процесс, который имеет большое патогенетическое и клиническое значение при тромбозах и предтромботических состояниях различной этиологии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>contraction of blood clots</kwd><kwd>clot retraction</kwd><kwd>platelets</kwd><kwd>blood clotting</kwd><kwd>fbrin</kwd><kwd>thrombosis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>контракция сгустка крови</kwd><kwd>ретракция сгустков</kwd><kwd>тромбоциты</kwd><kwd>свертывание крови</kwd><kwd>фибрин</kwd><kwd>тромбоз</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Kasahara K, Kaneda M, Miki T, Iida K, Sekino-Suzuki N, Kawashima I, Suzuki H, Shimonaka M, Arai M, Ohno-Iwashita Y, Kojima S, Abe M, Kobayashi T, Okazaki T, Souri M, Ichinose A, Yamamoto N. Clot retraction is mediated by factor XIII-dependent fbrin-αIIbβ3-myosin axis in platelet sphingomyelin-rich membrane rafts. Blood. 2013;122(19):3340–8. doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-04-491290.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Lam WA, Chaudhuri O, Crow A, Webster KD, Li TD, Kita A, Huang J, Fletcher DA. Mechanics and contraction dynamics of single platelets and implications for clot stiﬀening. Nat Mater. 2011;10(1):61–6. doi: 10.1038/nmat2903.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3. Carr ME Jr. Development of platelet contractile force as a research and clinical measure of platelet function. Cell Biochem Biophys. 2003;38(1):55–78. doi: 10.1385/CBB:38:1:55.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4. Léon C, Eckly A, Hechler B, Aleil B, Freund M, Ravanat C, Jourdain M, Nonne C, Weber J, Tiedt R, Gratacap MP, Severin S, Cazenave JP, Lanza F, Skoda R, Gachet C. Megakaryocyte-restricted MYH9 inactivation dramatically aﬀects hemostasis while preserving platelet aggregation and secretion. Blood. 2007;110(9):3183–91. doi: 10.1182/blood-2007-03-080184.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5. Mattheij NJ, Gilio K, van Kruchten R, Jobe SM, Wieschhaus AJ, Chishti AH, Collins P, Heemskerk JW, Cosemans JM. Dual mechanism of integrin αIIbβ3 closure in procoagulant platelets. J Biol Chem. 2013;288(19):13325–36. doi: 10.1074/jbc.M112.428359.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6. Carr ME Jr. Measurement of platelet force: the Hemodyne hemostasis analyzer. Clin Lab Manage Rev. 1995;9(4):312–4, 316–8, 320.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7. Тарковская ЛР. Изучение ретрактильной активности тромбоцитов у здоровых людей и у больных с нарушениями гемостаза. Автореферат диссертации на соискание ученой степени кандидата биологических наук. Санкт-Петербург; 2001.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8. Reid TJ, Snider R, Hartman K, Greilich PE, Carr ME, Alving BM. A method for the quantitative assessment of platelet-induced clot retraction and clot strength in fresh and stored platelets. Vox Sang. 1998;75(4):270–7. doi: 10.1046/j.1423-0410.1998.7540270.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9. Tutwiler V, Litvinov RI, Lozhkin AP, Peshkova AD, Lebedeva T, Ataullakhanov FI, Spiller KL, Cines DB, Weisel JW. Kinetics and mechanics of clot contraction are governed by the molecular and cellular composition of the blood. Blood. 2016;127(1):149–59. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-05-647560.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10. Sinauridze EI, Vuimo TA, Tarandovskiy ID, Ovsepyan RA, Surov SS, Korotina NG, Serebriyskiy II, Lutsenko MM, Sokolov AL, Ataullakhanov FI. Thrombodynamics, a new global coagulation test: Measurement of heparin efciency. Talanta. 2018;180:282–91. doi: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.055.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11. Egot M, Kauskot A, Lasne D, Gaussem P, Bachelot-Loza C. Biphasic myosin II light chain activation during clot retraction. Thromb Haemost. 2013;110(6):1215–22. doi: 10.1160/TH13-04-0335.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12. von Brühl ML, Stark K, Steinhart A, Chandraratne S, Konrad I, Lorenz M, Khandoga A, Tirniceriu A, Coletti R, Köllnberger M, Byrne RA, Laitinen I, Walch A, Brill A, Pfeiler S, Manukyan D, Braun S, Lange P, Riegger J, Ware J, Eckart A, Haidari S, Rudelius M, Schulz C, Echtler K, Brinkmann V, Schwaiger M, Preissner KT, Wagner DD, Mackman N, Engelmann B, Massberg S. Monocytes, neutrophils, and platelets cooperate to initiate and propagate venous thrombosis in mice in vivo. J Exp Med. 2012;209(4): 819–35. doi: 10.1084/jem.20112322.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13. Swystun LL, Liaw PC. The role of leukocytes in thrombosis. Blood. 2016;128(6):753–62. doi: 10.1182/blood-2016-05-718114.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14. Byrnes JR, Duval C, Wang Y, Hansen CE, Ahn B, Mooberry MJ, Clark MA, Johnsen JM, Lord ST, Lam WA, Meijers JC, Ni H, Ariëns RA, Wolberg AS. Factor XIIIa-dependent retention of red blood cells in clots is mediated by fbrin α-chain crosslinking. Blood. 2015;126(16): 1940–8. doi: 10.1182/blood-2015-06-652263.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15. Booth NA, Bennett B. Fibrinolysis and thrombosis. Baillieres Clin Haematol. 1994;7(3):559– 72.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16. Kunitada S, FitzGerald GA, Fitzgerald DJ. Inhibition of clot lysis and decreased binding of tissue-type plasminogen activator as a consequence of clot retraction. Blood. 1992;79(6): 1420–7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17. Collet JP, Montalescot G, Lesty C, Weisel JW. A structural and dynamic investigation of the facilitating eﬀect of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors in dissolving platelet-rich clots. Circ Res. 2002;90(4):428–34.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18. Taylor FB Jr, Müller-Eberhard HJ. Qualitative description of factors involved in the retraction and lysis of dilute whole blood clots and in the aggregation and retraction of platelets. J Clin Invest. 1970;49(11):2068–85. doi: 10.1172/JCI106425.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19. Carroll RC, Gerrard JM, Gilliam JM. Clot retraction facilitates clot lysis. Blood. 1981;57(1): 44–8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20. Bucay I, O'Brien ET 3rd, Wulfe SD, Superfne R, Wolberg AS, Falvo MR, Hudson NE. Physical determinants of fbrinolysis in single fbrin fbers. PLoS One. 2015;10(2):e0116350. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116350.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21. Cines DB, Lebedeva T, Nagaswami C, Hayes V, Massefski W, Litvinov RI, Rauova L, Lowery TJ, Weisel JW. Clot contraction: compression of erythrocytes into tightly packed polyhedra and redistribution of platelets and fbrin. Blood. 2014;123(10):1596–603. doi: 10.1182/blood-2013-08-523860.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22. Gottlob R, Stockinger L, Pötting U, Schattenmann G. Studies on thrombolysis with streptokinase. 3. Morphological examinations of thrombi-thrombus retraction and secondary swelling and the termination of lysibility because of organization. Thromb Diath Haemorrh. 1971;25(2):354–78.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23. Ząbczyk M, Sadowski M, Zalewski J, Undas A. Polyhedrocytes in intracoronary thrombi from patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Int J Cardiol. 2015;179:186–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.10.004.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24. Zalewski J, Bogaert J, Sadowski M, Woznicka O, Doulaptsis K, Ntoumpanaki M, Ząbczyk M, Nessler J, Undas A. Plasma fbrin clot phenotype independently aﬀects intracoronary thrombus ultrastructure in patients with acute myocardial infarction. Thromb Haemost. 2015;113(6):1258–69. doi: 10.1160/TH14-090801.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25. Peshkova AD, Malyasyov DV, Bredikhin RA, Le Minh G, Andrianova IA, Tutwiler V, Nagaswami C, Weisel JW, Litvinov RI. Reduced contraction of blood clots in patients with venous thromboembolism is a possible thrombogenic and embologenic mechanism. TH Open. 2018;2:e104–15. doi: 10.1055/s-0038-1635572.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26. Tutwiler V, Peshkova AD, Andrianova IA, Khasanova DR, Weisel JW, Litvinov RI. Contraction of blood clots is impaired in acute ischemic stroke. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017;37(2):271–9. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.308622.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>27. Liebeskind DS, Sanossian N, Yong WH, Starkman S, Tsang MP, Moya AL, Zheng DD, Abolian AM, Kim D, Ali LK, Shah SH, Towfghi A, Ovbiagele B, Kidwell CS, Tateshima S, Jahan R, Duckwiler GR, Viñuela F, Salamon N, Villablanca JP, Vinters HV, Marder VJ, Saver JL. CT and MRI early vessel signs reﬂect clot composition in acute stroke. Stroke. 2011;42(5):1237–43. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.110.605576.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>28. Le Minh G, Peshkova AD, Andrianova IA, Sibgatullin TB, Maksudova AN, Weisel JW, Litvinov RI. Impaired contraction of blood clots as a novel prothrombotic mechanism in systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Sci (Lond). 2018;132(2): 243–54. doi: 10.1042/CS20171510.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
