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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">8642</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2023-51-009</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cognitive impairment and its treatment in patients with multiple sclerosis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Когнитивные нарушения и методы их терапии у пациентов с рассеянным склерозом</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8544-3107</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zabirova</surname><given-names>Alfiia K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Забирова</surname><given-names>Альфия Ходжаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student, Neurologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, врач-невролог</p></bio><email>alfijasabirowa@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0716-3737</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bakulin</surname><given-names>Ilya S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бакулин</surname><given-names>Илья Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Senior Research Fellow, Head of Non-invasive Neuromodulation Group, Institute of Neurorehabilitation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр., руководитель группы неинвазивной нейромодуляции Института нейрореабилитации и восстановительных технологий</p></bio><email>bakulinilya@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1841-1177</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Poydasheva</surname><given-names>Alexandra G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пойдашева</surname><given-names>Александра Георгиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Research Fellow, Non-invasive Neuromodulation Group, Institute of Neurorehabilitation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, науч. сотр. группы неинвазивной нейромодуляции Института нейрореабилитации и восстановительных технологий</p></bio><email>alexandra.poydasheva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1072-9968</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zakharova</surname><given-names>Mariya N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Захарова</surname><given-names>Мария Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Chief Research Fellow, Head of 6<sup>th</sup> Neurological Department, Institute of Clinical and Prophylactic Neurology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, гл. науч. сотр., руководитель 6-го неврологического отделения Института клинической и профилактической неврологии</p></bio><email>zakharova@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3956-6362</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Suponeva</surname><given-names>Natalia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Супонева</surname><given-names>Наталья Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Corr. Member of Russ. Acad. Sci.; Director, Institute of Neurorehabilitation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, чл.-корр. РАН, директор Института нейрореабилитации и восстановительных технологий</p></bio><email>nasu2709@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-05-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-06-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>51</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>110</fpage><lpage>125</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-04-28"><day>28</day><month>04</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-05-15"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Zabirova A.K., Bakulin I.S., Poydasheva A.G., Zakharova M.N., Suponeva N.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Забирова А.Х., Бакулин И.С., Пойдашева А.Г., Захарова М.Н., Супонева Н.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Zabirova A.K., Bakulin I.S., Poydasheva A.G., Zakharova M.N., Suponeva N.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Забирова А.Х., Бакулин И.С., Пойдашева А.Г., Захарова М.Н., Супонева Н.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/8642">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/8642</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Cognitive impairment (CI) is a relatively common manifestation of multiple sclerosis (MS), which can occur with any type of the disease course and activity. The largest CI prevalence and severity are observed in progressive MS. In relapsing-remitting MS the most prominent deterioration of cognitive functions is seen during relapses; however, in some patients it can continue also throughout remission. In a small number of patients CI can be the most significant symptom of the disease; in addition, it sometimes can be the only clinical feature of the relapse. Despite this, in clinical practice CI remains out of the focus of attention, and is not evaluated when assessing the disease severity and/or activity, while CI is not included into EDSS. Nonetheless, a number of specialized neuropsychological tests and batteries has been developed recently, which can be used for both screening and detailed assessment of CI in MS, as well as for assessment of its changes over time.</p> <p>CI has a negative impact on MS patients' quality of life, their social interactions, daily and occupational activities. The influence of disease-modifying agents on CI has been poorly investigated; however, there is evidence that they can reduce the degree of CI. The optimal choice of pathogenetic treatment in patients with CI remains understudied. There is no convincing evidence of the effectiveness of symptomatic pharmacological treatment of CI in MS, and cognitive rehabilitation is the only approach with confirmed effectiveness. Considering the limitations of this technique (its availability, quite a big number of sessions), there is a need to search for other methods to increase its efficacy, including non-invasive neuromodulation (in particular, transcranial direct current stimulation or transcranial magnetic stimulation). This article is focused on a brief review of the main diagnostic methods of CI in MS, its pathogenetic and symptomatic treatment, and cognitive rehabilitation techniques, as well as on the results of the studies on non-invasive neuromodulation.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Когнитивные нарушения (КН) относятся к достаточно частым проявлениям рассеянного склероза (РС) и могут развиваться при любом типе течения и активности заболевания. Наибольшая распространенность и выраженность КН наблюдаются у пациентов с прогрессирующими формами. При ремиттирующем РС наиболее выраженное ухудшение когнитивных функций отмечается при обострении заболевания, однако у части пациентов КН могут сохраняться и в ремиссии. У небольшого числа пациентов КН могут быть самым значимым симптомом заболевания, кроме того, иногда они становятся единственным проявлением обострения. Несмотря на это, в настоящее время оценке КН в клинической практике уделяется недостаточно внимания, и при определении тяжести или активности заболевания они зачастую не оцениваются вовсе, поскольку не входят в шкалу EDSS. Вместе с тем в последние годы разработан ряд специализированных нейропсихологических тестов и батарей, которые можно использовать при РС как для скрининговой, так и для подробной диагностики КН, а также для оценки их динамики.</p> <p>Наличие КН негативно влияет на качество жизни пациентов с РС, их социальные взаимодействия, повседневную и профессиональную активность. Влияние препаратов, изменяющих течение РС, на когнитивные функции исследовано лишь в небольшой степени, однако есть данные, что их назначение может уменьшать выраженность КН. Вопросы оптимальной тактики выбора патогенетической терапии у пациентов с КН изучены недостаточно. Не получено убедительных подтверждений эффективности препаратов, исследованных в качестве симптоматической фармакотерапии КН при РС. Единственным методом с доказанной эффективностью является когнитивная реабилитация. Учитывая ограничения, связанные с ее доступностью и необходимостью достаточно большого количества занятий, актуальным остается поиск методов увеличения ее эффективности, включая использование неинвазивной нейромодуляции, в частности, транскраниальной стимуляции постоянным током или транскраниальной магнитной стимуляции. В данном обзоре кратко рассматриваются основные методы диагностики КН при РС, их патогенетической и симптоматической терапии, методики когнитивной реабилитации и результаты исследований с использованием неинвазивной нейромодуляции.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>multiple sclerosis</kwd><kwd>cognitive dysfunction</kwd><kwd>cognitive rehabilitation</kwd><kwd>non-invasive neuromodulation</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рассеянный склероз</kwd><kwd>когнитивные нарушения</kwd><kwd>когнитивная реабилитация</kwd><kwd>неинвазивная нейромодуляция</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Научный центр неврологии»</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, Russia</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>122041800162-9</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Walton C, King R, Rechtman L, Kaye W, Leray E, Marrie RA, Robertson N, La Rocca N, Uitdehaag B, van der Mei I, Wallin M, Helme A, Angood Napier C, Rijke N, Baneke P. 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