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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">82</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2015-41-79-88</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">THE MOLECULAR PATHOGENESIS OF BLADDER CANCER</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>МОЛЕКУЛЯРНЫЙ ПАТОГЕНЕЗ РАКА МОЧЕВОГО ПУЗЫРЯ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nemtsova</surname><given-names>M. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Немцова</surname><given-names>М. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Nemtsova Marina Vyacheslavovna – Doctor of Biol. Sci., Professor, Leading Research Fellow, Laboratory Epigenetics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Немцова Марина Вячеславовна – доктор биологических наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник, лаборатория эпигенетики</p></bio><email>kne3108@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kushlinskii</surname><given-names>N. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кушлинский</surname><given-names>Н. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kushlinskii Nikolay Evgen'evich – MD, PhD, Professor, Member-Correspondent of Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of Clinical Biochemistry Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Кушлинский Николай Евгеньевич – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, член-корреспондент РАН, заведующий лабораторией клинической биохимии</p></bio><email>kne3108@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Centre for Medical Genetics, Moscow</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медикогенетический научный центр,  Москва</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin Russian Cancer Research Center, Moscow</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Медикогенетический научный центр,  Москва</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2015-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><issue>41</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>79</fpage><lpage>88</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-02-12"><day>12</day><month>02</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2016-02-12"><day>12</day><month>02</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2015, Nemtsova M.V., Kushlinskii N.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2015, Немцова М.В., Кушлинский Н.Е.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nemtsova M.V., Kushlinskii N.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Немцова М.В., Кушлинский Н.Е.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/82">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/82</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review describes the current views on urothelial carcinoma carcinogenesis. Based on the up-todate genetic studies, molecular pathways determining the development of superficial and invasive bladder cancers are considered. It was demonstrated that the development of noninvasive bladder tumors occurred predominantly through oncogenes activation, while the genesis of invasive cancer is based on inactivation of tumor suppressor genes. Principal mechanisms of multiple and recurrent bladder tumors development are discussed including its monoclonal and oligoclonal models.One of the most promising nowadays approaches is the determination of new generation markers, such as molecular genetic abnormalities in the hereditary apparatus of the cell underlying its malignant transformation. Molecular markers' panels used for diagnostics, prognosis, and monitoring of urothelial carcinoma patients are analyzed.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В  обзорной   статье  представлены  современные взгляды  на  канцерогенез уротелиальной карциномы. В свете современных генетических исследований рассмотрены молекулярные  пути, определяющие  развитие  поверхностного  и инвазивного рака мочевого  пузыря. Показано, что развитие  неинвазивных  опухолей мочевого  пузыря  происходит  преимущественно  по пути активации  онкогенов, тогда как генез инвазивного  рака идет по пути инактивации  генов-супрессоров опухолевого роста. Обсуждаются основные механизмы развития множественных и рецидивных  опухолей мочевого  пузыря, моноклональная и олигоклональная модели  развития.  Одним из наиболее  перспективных  направлений  представляется определение маркеров  нового типа, к которым относятся молекулярно-генетические  изменения  в наследственном  аппарате  клетки, лежащие в основе ее злокачественной трансформации. Авторы проводят анализ систем молекулярных маркеров,  используемых  для диагностики, прогноза  и мониторинга  пациентов с уротелиальной  карциномой.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>superficial and invasive bladder cancer</kwd><kwd>mutations</kwd><kwd>gene</kwd><kwd>FGFR3</kwd><kwd>ТР53</kwd><kwd>monoclonal and oligoclonal bladder tumors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>поверхностный и инвазивный рак мочевого пузыря</kwd><kwd>мутации</kwd><kwd>ген</kwd><kwd>FGFR3</kwd><kwd>ТР53</kwd><kwd>моноклональные и олигоклональные опухоли мочевого пузыря</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Давыдов МИ, Максимович ДИ, Заридзе Д Динамика заболеваемости и смертности от злокачественных новообразований в России. Вестник РОНЦ им. Н.Н. Блохина. 2015;26(Допол.):1–57.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Башкатов СВ, Немцова МВ, Карякин ОБ. 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