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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">7700</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2023-51-010</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Sudden cardiac death in myocarditis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Внезапная сердечная смерть при миокардите</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3984-8482</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6507781440</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">N-9875-2015</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Taradin</surname><given-names>Gennady G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тарадин</surname><given-names>Геннадий Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Head of Chair of Therapy, Faculty of Internship and Postgraduate Education named after A.I. Dyadyk; Senior Research Fellow, Department of Urgent Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент, заведующий кафедрой терапии факультета интернатуры и последипломного образования им. проф. А.И. Дядыка; ст. науч. сотр. отдела неотложной кардиологии и кардиохирургии</p></bio><email>taradin@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3611-1186</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">6603026824</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">Q-2716-2017</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ignatenko</surname><given-names>Grigoriy A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Игнатенко</surname><given-names>Григорий Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Corr. Member of National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine, Head of Chair of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases, Rector</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. НАМН Украины, заведующий кафедрой пропедевтики внутренних болезней, ректор</p></bio><email>secretary@dnmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5547-6741</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57217841343</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">B-1384-2015</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2397-5311</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kugler</surname><given-names>Tatyana E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Куглер</surname><given-names>Татьяна Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Chair of Therapy, Faculty of Internship and Postgraduate Education named after A.I. Dyadyk</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры терапии факультета интернатуры и последипломного образования им. проф. А.И. Дядыка</p></bio><email>kugler2@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">M. Gorky Donetsk National Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГОО ВПО «Донецкий национальный медицинский университет
им. М. Горького»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Urgent and Recovery Surgery named after V.K. Gusak</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГУ «Институт неотложной и восстановительной хирургии им. В.К. Гусака» Минздрава ДНР</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-05-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-06-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>06</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>51</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>99</fpage><lpage>109</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-03-20"><day>20</day><month>03</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-05-05"><day>05</day><month>05</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Taradin G.G., Ignatenko G.A., Kugler T.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Тарадин Г.Г., Игнатенко Г.А., Куглер Т.Е.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Taradin G.G., Ignatenko G.A., Kugler T.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Тарадин Г.Г., Игнатенко Г.А., Куглер Т.Е.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/7700">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/7700</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>According to statistics, myocarditis is one of the leading causes of sudden cardiac death (SCD) in children and young adults. The etiology of myocarditis includes infectious and non-infectious, including autoimmune diseases, as well as toxicities and hypersensitivity to various drugs or bites of insects, spiders, snakes, etc. The risk of myocarditis among patients with COVID-19 is 15.7-fold higher than that in the general population. The most common cause of death in myocarditis is heart arrhythmia, such as ventricular tachyarrhythmia, ventricular fibrillation, or severe bradycardia. Genetic predisposition, ion and metabolic disorders, mechanisms of autoimmune response, and direct cardiotoxic action in viral diseases play a role in the pathophysiology of inflammatory myocardial damage. While the majority of patients with myocarditis, who died suddenly, was asymptomatic or had few symptoms, a timely and accurate diagnosis of myocarditis seems to be an important challenge for prevention or minimization of SCD risk. Nonetheless, at present there is no convincing evidence of an association between laboratory and instrumental parameters and the SCD risk in such patients. Endomyocardial biopsy remains the "golden standard" in the diagnosis of myocarditis. Biomarkers (troponins or creatine phosphokinase) are not highly specific. The most common electrocardiographic findings in myocarditis are sinus tachycardia and nonspecific changes in the ST-T segment. The presence of Q wave, bundle branch block, Brugada syndrome, shortened or prolonged QT interval, and early ventricular repolarization are associated with an increased risk of SCD in myocarditis. Given the absence of specific echocardiographic signs of myocarditis, special attention is paid to the assessment of the size of the cardiac chambers, wall thicknesses, global and regional systolic and diastolic function of both the left and right ventricles, visualization of pericardial effusion and intracardiac thrombi. A combined cardiac magnetic resonance imaging using T2-weighted imaging and early and late gadolinium enhancement provides high diagnostic accuracy and seems to be a useful tool in the stratification of patients with suspected acute myocarditis. With the established etiology of myocarditis, specific therapy is necessary to eliminate the pathogen. It is necessary to take into account the likely arrhythmogenic effects of the drugs used in treatment. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are generally not indicated in patients with myocarditis because they cause renal impairment and sodium retention, which can exacerbate left ventricular dysfunction and increase the risk of SCD. In the case of severe conduction disturbances and ventricular tachyarrhythmias, implantation of a pacemaker or cardioverter-defibrillator is necessary.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Согласно статистическим данным, у детей и молодых людей миокардит выступает одной из ведущих причин внезапной сердечной смерти (ВСС). Этиологические причины миокардита включают инфекционные и неинфекционные (в том числе аутоиммунные) заболевания, а также токсические реакции и реакции гиперчувствительности на различные лекарственные средства или укусы насекомых, пауков, змей и др. Среди пациентов с COVID-19 риск миокардита в 15,7 раза выше, чем в общей популяции. Наиболее частая причина летального исхода при миокардите – нарушения ритма сердца: желудочковая тахиаритмия, фибрилляция желудочков или выраженная брадикардия. В патогенезе воспалительного поражения миокарда играет роль генетическая предрасположенность, ионные и метаболические нарушения, механизмы аутоиммунного ответа и прямого кардиотоксического действия при вирусном поражении. В связи с тем что большинство больных миокардитом, умерших внезапно, были малосимптомными или вовсе не имели симптомов, своевременная и точная диагностика миокардита представляется важнейшей задачей в плане предупреждения или минимизации риска развития ВСС. Тем не менее в настоящее время отсутствуют убедительные доказательства ассоциации лабораторно-инструментальных показателей и риска ВСС у таких больных. Золотым стандартом в диагностике миокардита остается эндомиокардиальная биопсия. Биомаркеры (тропонины или креатинфосфокиназа) не обладают высокой специфичностью. Наиболее частыми электрокардиографическими находками при миокардите становятся синусовая тахикардия и неспецифические изменения сегмента ST-T. Наличие зубца Q, блокады ножки пучка Гиса, синдрома Бругада, укороченного или удлиненного интервала QT и ранней реполяризации желудочков ассоциированы с повышенным риском ВСС при миокардите. Учитывая отсутствие специфических эхокардиографических признаков миокардита, особое внимание уделяется оценке размеров камер сердца, толщин стенок, глобальной и региональной систолической и диастолической функции как левого, так и правого желудочка, визуализации перикардиального выпота и интракардиальных тромбов. Комбинированный подход к магнитно-резонансной томографии сердца с использованием Т2-взвешенных изображений, раннего и позднего усиления гадолиния обеспечивает высокую диагностическую точность и является полезным инструментом в стратификации пациентов с подозрением на острый миокардит. При установленной этиологии миокардита необходимо проведение специфической терапии для элиминации возбудителя. При лечении следует учитывать вероятные аритмогенные эффекты применяемых препаратов. Нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты, как правило, не показаны пациентам с миокардитом, поскольку они вызывают нарушение функции почек и задержку натрия, что может усугубить дисфункцию левого желудочка и повысить риск ВСС. В случае тяжелых нарушений проводимости и желудочковых тахиаритмий необходима имплантация кардиостимулятора или кардиовертер-дефибриллятора.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>myocarditis</kwd><kwd>etiology</kwd><kwd>sudden cardiac death</kwd><kwd>arrhythmia</kwd><kwd>ventricular tachycardia</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>миокардит</kwd><kwd>этиология</kwd><kwd>внезапная сердечная смерть</kwd><kwd>аритмия</kwd><kwd>желудочковая тахикардия</kwd><kwd>COVID-19</kwd><kwd>SARS-CoV-2</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Arutyunov GP, Paleev FN, Moiseeva OM, Dragunov DO, Sokolova AV, Arutyunov AG, Zhirov IV, Blagova OV, Privalova EV, Gabrusenko SA, Garganeeva AA, Gendlin GE, Gilyarevsky SR, Duplyakov DV, Zairatiants OV, Karateev DE, Koziolova NA, Kosmacheva ED, Kochetov AG, Lopatin YuM, Melekhov AV, Mitrofanova LB, Narusov OYu, Nasonova SN, Nedostup AV, Nikulina SYu, Orlova YA, Poteshkina NG, Rebrov AP, Saidova MA, Sedov VP, Sinitsyn VE, Sitnikova MYu, Skvortsov AA, Skibitsky VV, Stukalova OV, Tarlovskaya EI, Tereshchenko SN, Usov VYu, Famin IV, Chesnikova AI, Shaposhnik II, Shostak NA. 2020 Clinical practice guidelines for Myocarditis in adults. 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