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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">643</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2017-45-7-565-574</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Anemia of chronic kidney disease: novel physiological approaches to therapy based on simulation of hypoxic response</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нефрогенная анемия: новые физиологические подходы к терапии на основе имитации гипоксических ответов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aitbaev</surname><given-names>K. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Айтбаев</surname><given-names>К. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KG">Kyrgyzstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Professor</p><p>3 Togolok Moldo str., Bishkek, 720040</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p><p>720040, г. Бишкек, ул. Т. Молдо, 3</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Murkamilov</surname><given-names>I. T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Муркамилов</surname><given-names>И. Т.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="KG">Kyrgyzstan</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Nephrologist, Assistant, Chair of Faculty Therapy named after M.E. Volsky – M.M. Mirrahimova</p><p>Tel.: 0312 620991, 0557 221983</p><p>92 Akhunbaev str., Bishkek, 720020</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, врач-нефролог, ассистент</p><p>кафедра факультетской терапии им. М.Е. Вольского – М.М. Миррахимова</p><p>Тел.: 0312 620991, 0557 221983</p><p>720020, г. Бишкек, ул. Ахунбаева, 92</p></bio><email>murkamilov.i@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomin</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фомин</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Corr. Member of Russ. Acad. Sci., Head of Chair of Faculty Therapy No. 1, Director of the Clinic of Faculty Therapy named after V.N. Vinogradov</p><p>8/2 Trubetskaya ul., Moscow, 119991</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>чл.-корр. РАН, д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующий</p><p>кафедра факультетской терапии № 1, директор</p><p>клиника факультетской терапии имени В.Н. Виноградова</p><p>119991, г. Москва, ул. Трубецкая, 8/2</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Scientific and Research Institute of Molecular Biology and Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт молекулярной биологии и медицины</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kyrgyz State Medical Academy named after I.K. Akhunbaev</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Кыргызская государственная медицинская академия имени И.К. Ахунбаева</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-11-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>11</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>45</volume><issue>7</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>565</fpage><lpage>574</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2018-01-12"><day>12</day><month>01</month><year>2018</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2018-01-12"><day>12</day><month>01</month><year>2018</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2017, Aitbaev K.A., Murkamilov I.T., Fomin V.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2017, Айтбаев К.А., Муркамилов И.Т., Фомин В.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Aitbaev K.A., Murkamilov I.T., Fomin V.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Айтбаев К.А., Муркамилов И.Т., Фомин В.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/643">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/643</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Anemia is a modifiable risk factor for the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and is characterized by a  decrease in the hemoglobin level, the hematocrit, and the number of circulating red blood cells. In the pre-erythropoietin era blood transfusion was a  common practice for the adequate correction of anemia in patients with CKD. However, a  recombinant human erythropoietin, that was developed and implemented into a clinical practice three decades ago, made a revolution in the renal anemia treatment. Today the management of anemia is based on the use of exogenous erythropoiesis-stimulating agents, such as erythropoietin and its analogues, as well as an oral or parenteral administration of iron. Nevertheless, despite of the high efficacy in the majority of patients this approach has a  negative side. The hemoglobin excursions, increased risk of cardiovascular complications, as well as the development of iron deficiency and chronic inflammation become additional factors in the pathogenesis of anemia associated with the renal failure. In this regard, the development of effective and safe methods of anemia management in CKD is of immediate interest. New medications based mainly on physiological approach are developed. A pharmacological activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) response is one of them. HIF is the main hormonal regulator of erythropoiesis that stimulates the production of endogenous erythropoietin. It is known that in patients with renal failure, the activation of this factor in response to hypoxia is compromised, resulting in a lack of erythropoietin production. This review covers the new mechanistic views on the hypoxic regulation of erythropoiesis and the production of erythropoietin by the kidneys, and presents the newly discovered interactions between the synthesis of erythropoietin, iron metabolism, and the chronic inflammation. Besides that, ongoing clinical trials of pharmacological HIF activators, such as FG-4592, GSK1278863, AKB-6548, BAY85-3934 are also discussed as a  new comprehensive and physiological approach for the treatment of anemia associated with CKD. Preliminary results of the clinical trials demonstrated a high efficiency of HIF activators in the treatment of renal anemia including a high tolerability, an increase in hemoglobin level and its maintenance in the target range, an increase in general capacity for iron binding and a reduction in the serum levels of both ferritin and hepcidin. However, there are some safety-related problems that include proangiogenic and adverse cardiovascular and metabolic complications, so the possibility of their development should be thoroughly studied in long-term clinical trials. </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Нефрогенная анемия относится к  модифицируемым факторам риска прогрессирования хронической болезни почек и характеризуется снижением уровней гемоглобина, гематокрита и  числа циркулирующих эритроцитов. Ранее, в  доэритропоэтиновую эпоху, адекватная коррекция анемии у  пациентов с  хронической болезнью почек осуществлялась преимущественно путем гемотрансфузий. Однако разработка и внедрение в клиническую практику три десятилетия назад рекомбинантного человеческого эритропоэтина революционным образом повлияли на эффективность лечения почечной анемии. Сегодня оно основано на использовании экзогенных эритропоэз-стимулирующих агентов  – эпоэтина и  его аналогов, а  также пероральных или парентеральных введений железа. Вместе с  тем данный подход, несмотря на высокую эффективность у большинства пациентов, имеет и  отрицательные стороны. Колебания уровня гемоглобина, повышение риска возникновения сердечно-сосудистых осложнений, а  также развитие дефицита железа и  хронического воспаления становятся дополнительными факторами патогенеза анемии, связанной с  почечной недостаточностью. Актуальной остается разработка эффективных и  в то же время безопасных методов терапии почечной анемии, создаются новые препараты, основанные главным образом на физиологических подходах. Один из них  – фармакологическая активация реакций гипоксия-индуцибельного фактора HIF (англ. hypoxia-inducible factor), основного гормонального регулятора эритропоэза, который стимулирует выработку эндогенного эритропоэтина. У  больных с  почечной недостаточностью, как известно, активация данного фактора в  ответ на гипоксию нарушена, вследствие чего не стимулируется выработка эритропоэтина. В  обзорной статье мы рассмотрели новые механистические взгляды на гипоксическую регуляцию эритропоэза и производство эритропоэтина почками, а также изложили вновь обнаруженные взаимосвязи между синтезом эритропоэтина, обменом железа и  хроническим воспалением. Кроме того, детально обсуждаются проводимые в настоящее время клинические испытания фармакологических HIF-активаторов (FG-4592, GSK1278863, AKB-6548, BAY85-3934 и  др.) в  качестве нового всеобъемлющего подхода к  лечению нефрогенной анемии. Несмотря на то что первоначальные результаты клинических испытаний свидетельствуют о  высокой эффективности HIF-активаторов при лечении почечной анемии (хорошо переносятся, повышают и  поддерживают уровень гемоглобина в  целевом диапазоне, увеличивают общую способность к связыванию железа и снижают сывороточные уровни как ферритина, так и гепсидина), существуют некоторые проблемы, имеющие отношение к  безопасности. Они включают проангиогенные и  неблагоприятные сердечно-сосудистые и  метаболические осложнения, возможность развития которых должна быть тщательно оценена в  долгосрочных клинических испытаниях. </p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>anemia</kwd><kwd>chronic kidney disease</kwd><kwd>erythropoietin</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>iron</kwd><kwd>clinical trials</kwd><kwd>HIF activators</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>анемия</kwd><kwd>хроническая болезнь почек</kwd><kwd>эритропоэтин</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>железо</kwd><kwd>клинические испытания</kwd><kwd>HIF-активаторы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.Nangaku M, Eckardt KU. Pathogenesis of renal anemia. Semin Nephrol. 2006;26(4):261–8. doi: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2006.06.001.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Erslev AJ. Erythropoietin. 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