<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">473</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2017-45-1-40-47</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Вocavirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Бокавирусная инфекция у детей с острым гастроэнтеритом</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krasnova</surname><given-names>E. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Краснова</surname><given-names>Е. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Head of the Chair of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pediatrics,</p><p>52 Krasnyy prospekt, Novosibirsk, Novosibirskaya oblast', 630091</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой инфекционных болезней, педиатрический факультет,</p><p>630091, Новосибирская область, г. Новосибирск, Красный проспект, 52</p></bio><email>krasnova-inf@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tyumentsev</surname><given-names>A. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тюменцев</surname><given-names>А. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Research Fellow, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology,</p><p>8 Akademika Lavrent'eva prospekt, Novosibirsk, Novosibirskaya oblast', 630090</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>мл. науч. сотр., лаборатория молекулярной микробиологии,</p><p>630090, Новосибирская область, г. Новосибирск, проспект Академика Лаврентьева, 8</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tikunova</surname><given-names>N. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Тикунова</surname><given-names>Н. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Doctor of Biol. Sci., Head of Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology,</p><p>8 Akademika Lavrent'eva prospekt, Novosibirsk, Novosibirskaya oblast', 630090</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, заведующая лабораторией молекулярной микробиологии,</p><p>630090, Новосибирская область, г. Новосибирск, проспект Академика Лаврентьева, 8</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khokhlova</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хохлова</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Chair of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pediatrics,</p><p>52 Krasnyy prospekt, Novosibirsk, Novosibirskaya oblast', 630091</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры инфекционных болезней, педиатрический факультет,</p><p>630091, Новосибирская область, г. Новосибирск, Красный проспект, 52</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Provorova</surname><given-names>V. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Проворова</surname><given-names>В. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Chair of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Pediatrics,</p><p>52 Krasnyy prospekt, Novosibirsk, Novosibirskaya oblast', 630091</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры инфекционных болезней, педиатрический факультет,</p><p>630091, Новосибирская область, г. Новосибирск, Красный проспект, 52</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2017-01-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>01</month><year>2017</year></pub-date><volume>45</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>40</fpage><lpage>47</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2017-02-19"><day>19</day><month>02</month><year>2017</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2017-02-19"><day>19</day><month>02</month><year>2017</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2017, Krasnova E.I., Tyumentsev A.I., Tikunova N.V., Khokhlova N.I., Provorova V.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2017, Краснова Е.И., Тюменцев А.И., Тикунова Н.В., Хохлова Н.И., Проворова В.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2017</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Krasnova E.I., Tyumentsev A.I., Tikunova N.V., Khokhlova N.I., Provorova V.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Краснова Е.И., Тюменцев А.И., Тикунова Н.В., Хохлова Н.И., Проворова В.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/473">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/473</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review presents the data on the most important causative factors of acute gastroenteritis in children and on relatively new pathogens, such as bocavirus (HBoV), considering modern potential for verification of viral disorders. Human HBoV, belonging to <italic>Parvoviridae</italic> family, has been isolated from nasopharyngeal discharge in children with acute respiratory viral infection in 2005. Later on it was registered as a respiratory pathogen. Despite symptoms of an acute respiratory disease, HBoVinfected patients frequently present with acute gastroenteritis. In various regions of the world, fecal HBoV DNA has been found in children with acute intestinal infection by means of the polymerase chain reaction and subsequent sequencing. Molecular genetic studies showed the presence of 4 genetically different viral types. HBoV genotype 1 is more frequently found in nasopharyngeal smears from children with acute respiratory viral infection, whereas HBoV genotypes 2, 3, and 4 are isolated from feces in those with acute gastroenteritis. If HBoV is an intestinal pathogen, remain an unresolved issue. There is a  high rate of HBoV co-infection (up to 60% and more) with other intestinal viruses in children with acute gastroenteritis. High fecal DNA titers found in the studies in children with acute gastroenteritis have shown that HBoV is not only present in the bowel, but also is replicating there. The importance of studies on characteristics of molecular evolution of bocavirus is undoubted, while there are gaps in knowledge on its life cycle, mechanisms of genome replication; there is neither cultivation technique for this virus, nor animal models for disorders it may cause. The assay for anti-HBoV detection in human serum has been studied only in acute respiratory disease; high rates of HBoV seropositive patients and high antibody titers have been found in children correlating with a high viral load. It could be relevant to study prevalence and genetic variance of HВoV associated with acute gastroenteritis in various territories of the Russian Federation, because the international database GenBank does not have any genomic sequences of bocavirus isolated found in Russia. Investigation of molecular epidemiological and clinical characteristics of bocaviral infection in children with acute intestinal infection seems promising.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В обзоре представлены данные о  наиболее значимых этиологических факторах острого гастроэнтерита у  детей и  относительно новых возбудителях  – бокавирусах (HBoV)  – с  учетом возможностей современной верификации вирусных болезней. HBoV человека семейства Parvoviridae выделен из содержимого носоглотки при острой респираторной вирусной инфекции у детей в 2005 г. и впоследствии был зарегистрирован как респираторный патоген. Помимо признаков острого респираторного заболевания у больных с HBoV-инфекцией нередко отмечаются проявления острого гастроэнтерита. В разных регионах мира у детей, больных острой кишечной инфекцией, методом полимеразной цепной реакции с  последующим секвенированием в фекалиях обнаружена ДНК HBoV. В  молекулярно-генетических исследованиях установлено наличие 4 генетически различающихся вариантов. HBoV 1-го геноварианта чаще обнаруживается в  мазках из носоглотки детей с  острой респираторной вирусной инфекцией, HBoV 2-, 3-, 4-го геновариантов – в фекалиях при остром гастроэнтерите. Вопрос о том, является ли HBoV кишечным патогеном, пока остается открытым. Установлена высокая частота коинфекции HBoV (до 60% и более) с другими вирусами кишечной группы при остром гастроэнтерите у  детей. Полученные в  исследованиях высокие титры ДНК в образцах фекалий больных острым гастроэнтеритом детей показали, что HBoV не только присутствует в кишечнике , но и осуществляет репликацию. Важность изучения особенностей молекулярной эволюции бокавируса не вызывает сомнения, поскольку не все известно об особенностях его жизненного цикла, механизмах репликации генома, отсутствует система культивирования данных вирусов и  животных моделей вызываемых ими заболеваний. Метод детекции HBoV-антител в  сыворотке человека пока изучен только при остром респираторном заболевании, установлена высокая частота серопозитивности к HBoV и высокий уровень антител у больных детей, коррелирующий с высокой вирусной нагрузкой. Целесообразно изучить встречаемость и  генетическое разнообразие HВoV, ассоциированных с  острым гастроэнтеритом, на разных территориях Российской Федерации, поскольку в  международной базе данных GenBank отсутствуют геномные последовательности изолятов бокавирусов, выявленных в  России. Изучение молекулярно-эпидемиологических и  клинических особенностей бокавирусной инфекции у детей с острой кишечной инфекцией представляется перспективным исследованием.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>acute gastroenteritis</kwd><kwd>bokavirus infection</kwd><kwd>viral infections in children</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>острый гастроэнтерит</kwd><kwd>бокавирусная инфекция</kwd><kwd>вирусные инфекции у детей</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Trinh C, Prabhakar K. Diarrheal diseases in the elderly. Clin Geriatr Med. 2007;23(4):833–56, vii. doi: 10.1016/j.cger.2007.06.005.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Горелов АВ, Усенко ДВ. Ротавирусная инфекция у  детей. Вопросы современной педиатрии. 2008;7(6):78–84.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3.Arthur JL, Higgins GD, Davidson GP, Givney RC, Ratcliff  RM. A  novel bocavirus associated with acute gastroenteritis in Australian children. PLoS Pathog. 2009;5(4):e1000391. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1000391.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4. Iritani N, Seto Y, Kubo H, Murakami T, Haruki K, Ayata  M, Ogura  H. Prevalence of Norwalk-like virus infections in cases of viral gastroenteritis among children in Osaka City, Japan. J Clin Microbiol. 2003;41(4):1756–9. doi: 10.1128/JCM.41.4.1756-1759.2003.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5.Oh  DY, Gaedicke  G, Schreier  E. Viral agents of acute gastroenteritis in German children: prevalence and molecular diversity. J  Med Virol. 2003;71(1):82–93. doi: 10.1002/jmv.10449.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6. Zhirakovskaia  EV, Tikunov  AY, Bodnev  SA, Klemesheva VV, Netesov SV, Tikunova NV. Molecular epidemiology of noroviruses associated with sporadic gastroenteritis in children in Novosibirsk, Russia, 2003-2012. J Med Virol. 2015;87(5): 740–53. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24068.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7.Guix S, Caballero S, Villena C, Bartolomé R, Latorre C, Rabella N, Simó M, Bosch A, Pintó RM. Molecular epidemiology of astrovirus infection in Barcelona, Spain. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(1): 133–9. doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.1.133-139.2002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8. Ratcliff  RM, Doherty  JC, Higgins  GD. Sensitive detection of RNA viruses associated with gastroenteritis by a  hanging-drop single-tube nested reverse transcription-PCR method. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40(11):4091–9. doi: 10.1128/JCM.40.11.4091-4099.2002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9. Тикунов  АЮ, Жираковская  ЕВ, Юн  ТЭ, Боднев  СВ, Нетесов  СВ, Тикунова  НВ. Молекулярно-генетическая характеристика астровирусов, циркулирующих в  Новосибирске. Вопросы вирусологии. 2010;55(6):19–23.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10. Maldonado  Y, Cantwell  M, Old  M, Hill  D, Sanchez ML, Logan  L, Millan-Velasco  F, Valdespino JL, Sepulveda J, Matsui S. Population-based prevalence of symptomatic and asymptomatic astrovirus infection in rural Mayan infants. J Infect Dis. 1998;178(2):334–9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11.Jamieson  FB, Wang  EE, Bain  C, Good  J, Duckmanton L, Petric  M. Human torovirus: a  new nosocomial gastrointestinal pathogen. J Infect Dis. 1998;178(5):1263–9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12. Rosen BI, Fang ZY, Glass RI, Monroe SS. Cloning of human picobirnavirus genomic segments and development of an RT-PCR detection assay. Virology. 2000;277(2):316–29. doi: 10.1006/viro.2000.0594.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13.Allander T, Tammi  MT, Eriksson  M, Bjerkner  A, Tiveljung-Lindell  A, Andersson  B. Cloning of a  human parvovirus by molecular screening of respiratory tract samples. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2005;102(36):12891–6. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0504666102.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14.Gurda  BL, Parent  KN, Bladek  H, Sinkovits  RS, DiMattia  MA, Rence  C, Castro  A, McKenna  R, Olson  N, Brown  K, Baker  TS, Agbandje-McKenna M. Human bocavirus capsid structure: insights into the structural repertoire of the parvoviridae. J  Virol. 2010;84(12):5880–9. doi: 10.1128/JVI.02719-09.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15.Qu  XW, Duan  ZJ, Qi  ZY, Xie  ZP,  Gao  HC, Liu WP, Huang CP, Peng FW, Zheng LS, Hou YD. Human bocavirus infection, People's Republic of China. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(1):165–8. doi: 10.3201/eid1301.060842.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16. Ma X, Endo R, Ishiguro N, Ebihara T, Ishiko H, Ariga T, Kikuta H. Detection of human bocavirus in Japanese children with lower respiratory tract infections. J  Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(3):1132–4. doi: 10.1128/JCM.44.3.1132-1134.2006.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17. Lee JI, Chung JY, Han TH, Song MO, Hwang ES. Detection of human bocavirus in children hospitalized because of acute gastroenteritis. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(7):994–7. doi: 10.1086/521366.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18. Vicente  D, Cilla  G, Montes  M, Pérez-Yarza  EG, Pérez-Trallero E. Human bocavirus, a respiratory and enteric virus. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(4): 636–7. doi: 10.3201/eid1304.061501.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19.Albuquerque  MC, Rocha  LN, Benati  FJ, Soares  CC, Maranhão  AG, Ramírez  ML, Erdman D, Santos  N. Human bocavirus infection in children with gastroenteritis, Brazil. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13(11):1756–8. doi: 10.3201/eid1311.070671.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20. Lau  SK, Yip  CC, Que TL, Lee  RA, Au-Yeung  RK, Zhou B, So LY, Lau YL, Chan KH, Woo PC, Yuen KY. Clinical and molecular epidemiology of human bocavirus in respiratory and fecal samples from children in Hong Kong. J Infect Dis. 2007;196(7): 986–93. doi: 10.1086/521310.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21. Chieochansin  T, Thongmee  C, Vimolket  L, Theamboonlers  A, Poovorawan  Y. Human bocavirus infection in children with acute gastroenteritis and healthy controls. Jpn J Infect Dis. 2008;61(6):479–81.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22. Yu JM, Li DD, Xu ZQ, Cheng WX, Zhang Q, Li HY, Cui  SX, Miao-Jin, Yang  SH, Fang  ZY, Duan  ZJ. Human bocavirus infection in children hospitalized with acute gastroenteritis in China. J  Clin Virol. 2008;42(3):280–5. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.03.032.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23. Cheng WX, Jin Y, Duan ZJ, Xu ZQ, Qi HM, Zhang Q, Yu JM, Zhu L, Jin M, Liu N, Cui SX, Li HY, Fang ZY. Human bocavirus in children hospitalized for acute gastroenteritis: a case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(2):161–7. doi: 10.1086/589244.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24. Campe  H, Hartberger  C, Sing  A. Role of Human Bocavirus infections in outbreaks of gastroenteritis. J  Clin Virol. 2008;43(3):340–2. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.07.014.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25. Karalar  L, Lindner  J, Schimanski  S, Kertai  M, Segerer  H, Modrow  S. Prevalence and clinical aspects of human bocavirus infection in children. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2010;16(6):633–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2009.02889.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26. Kantola K, Sadeghi M, Antikainen J, Kirveskari J, Delwart  E, Hedman  K, Söderlund-Venermo  M. Real-time quantitative PCR detection of four human bocaviruses. J Clin Microbiol. 2010;48(11): 4044–50. doi: 10.1128/JCM.00686-10.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>27.Nadji  SA, Poos-Ashkan  L, Khalilzadeh  S, Baghaie  N, Shiraghaei  MJ, Hassanzad  M, Bolursaz MR. Phylogenetic analysis of human bocavirus isolated from children with acute respiratory illnesses and gastroenteritis in Iran. Scand J  Infect Dis. 2010;42(8):598–603. doi: 10.3109/00365540903582442.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>28. Khamrin  P,  Malasao  R, Chaimongkol  N, Ukarapol N, Kongsricharoern T, Okitsu S, Hayakawa S, Ushijima H, Maneekarn N. Circulating of human bocavirus 1, 2, 3, and 4  in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis in Thailand. Infect Genet Evol. 2012;12(3):565– 9. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.01.025. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.01.025.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>29. Tymentsev  A, Tikunov  A, Zhirakovskaia  E, Kurilschikov A, Babkin I, Klemesheva V, Netesov S, Tikunova  N. Human bocavirus in hospitalized children with acute gastroenteritis in Russia from 2010 to 2012. Infect Genet Evol. 2016;37:143–9. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2015.11.015.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>30.Jartti  T, Söderlund-Venermo  M, Allander  T, Vuorinen T, Hedman  K, Ruuskanen  O. No efficacy of prednisolone in acute wheezing associated with human bocavirus infection. Pediatr Infect Dis  J. 2011;30(6):521–3. doi: 10.1097/INF.0b013e318216dd81.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>31. Kapoor  A, Slikas  E, Simmonds  P,  Chieochansin T, Naeem A, Shaukat S, Alam MM, Sharif S, Angez M, Zaidi S, Delwart E. A newly identified bocavirus species in human stool. J  Infect Dis. 2009;199(2):196–200. doi: 10.1086/595831.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>32. Kapoor A, Simmonds P, Slikas E, Li L, Bodhidatta L, Sethabutr O, Triki H, Bahri O, Oderinde BS, Baba MM, Bukbuk DN, Besser J, Bartkus J, Delwart E. Human bocaviruses are highly diverse, dispersed, recombination prone, and prevalent in enteric infections. J Infect Dis. 2010;201(11): 1633–43. doi: 10.1086/652416.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>33. Cotmore SF, Agbandje-McKenna M, Chiorini JA, Mukha  DV, Pintel  DJ, Qiu  J, Soderlund-Venermo M, Tattersall  P, Tijssen  P,  Gatherer  D, Davison AJ. The family Parvoviridae. Arch. Virol. 2014;159(5):1239–47.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>34. Völz  S, Schildgen  O, Klinkenberg  D, Ditt  V, Müller  A, Tillmann  RL, Kupfer  B, Bode  U, Lentze MJ, Simon  A. Prospective study of Human Bocavirus (HBoV) infection in a  pediatric university hospital in Germany 2005/2006. J  Clin Virol. 2007;40(3):229–35. doi: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.07.017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>35. Böhmer  A, Schildgen V, Lüsebrink  J, Ziegler  S, Tillmann  RL, Kleines  M, Schildgen  O. Novel application for isothermal nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA). J  Virol Methods. 2009;158(1–2):199–201. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.02.010.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>36. Sun  B, Cai  Y, Li  Y, Li  J, Liu  K, Li  Y, Yang  Y. The nonstructural protein NP1  of human bocavirus 1  induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in Hela cells. Virology. 2013;440(1):75–83. doi: 10.1016/j.virol.2013.02.013.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>37. Li L, Cotmore SF, Tattersall P. Parvoviral left-end hairpin ears are essential during infection for establishing a functional intranuclear transcription template and for efficient progeny genome encapsidation. J  Virol. 2013;87(19):10501–14. doi: 10.1128/JVI.01393-13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>38. Zhang  Z, Zheng  Z, Luo  H, Meng  J, Li  H, Li  Q, Zhang X, Ke X, Bai B, Mao P, Hu Q, Wang H. Human bocavirus NP1  inhibits IFN-β production by blocking association of IFN regulatory factor 3 with IFNB promoter. J Immunol. 2012;189(3): 1144–53. doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.1200096.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>39.Abdel-Latif L, Murray BK, Renberg RL, O'Neill KL, Porter  H, Jensen  JB, Johnson  FB. Cell death in bovine parvovirus-infected embryonic bovine tracheal cells is mediated by necrosis rather than apoptosis. J Gen Virol. 2006;87(Pt 9):2539–48. doi: 10.1099/vir.0.81915-0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>40. Babady  NE, Mead  P,  Stiles  J, Brennan  C, Li  H, Shuptar  S, Stratton  CW, Tang  YW, Kamboj  M. Comparison of the Luminex xTAG RVP Fast assay and the Idaho Technology FilmArray RP assay for detection of respiratory viruses in pediatric patients at a  cancer hospital. J  Clin Microbiol. 2012;50(7):2282–8. doi: 10.1128/JCM.06186-11.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>41. Lassaunière  R, Kresfelder  T, Venter  M. A  novel multiplex real-time RT-PCR assay with FRET hybridization probes for the detection and quantitation of 13  respiratory viruses. J  Virol Methods. 2010;165(2):254–60. doi: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2010.02.005.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>42.Hall  GA. Comparative pathology of infection by novel diarrhoea viruses. Ciba Found Symp. 1987;128:192–217.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>43. Murphy FA, Gibbs EP, Horzinek MC, Studdert MJ. Veterinary virology. 3rd edition. San Diego: Academic Press; 1999. 629 р.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>44. Endo R, Ishiguro N, Kikuta H, Teramoto S, Shirkoohi R, Ma  X, Ebihara T, Ishiko  H, Ariga T. Seroepidemiology of human bocavirus in Hokkaido prefecture, Japan. J  Clin Microbiol. 2007;45(10): 3218–23. doi: 10.1128/JCM.02140-06.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>45. Kantola K, Hedman L, Allander T, Jartti T, Lehtinen P, Ruuskanen O, Hedman K, Söderlund-Venermo M. Serodiagnosis of human bocavirus infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46(4):540–6. doi: 10.1086/526532.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>46. Schildgen O. Human bocavirus: lessons learned to date. Pathogens. 2013;2(1):1–12. doi: 10.3390/pathogens2010001.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>47.Hustedt  JW, Christie  C, Hustedt  MM, Esposito D, Vazquez  M. Seroepidemiology of human bocavirus infection in Jamaica. PLoS One. 2012;7(5):e38206. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038206.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>48.Guo L, Wang Y, Zhou H, Wu C, Song J, Li J, Paranhos-Baccalà G, Vernet  G, Wang  J, Hung  T. Differential seroprevalence of human bocavirus species 1–4  in Beijing, China. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e39644. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039644.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>49. Kantola K, Hedman L, Arthur J, Alibeto A, Delwart E, Jartti T, Ruuskanen O, Hedman K, Söderlund-Venermo M. Seroepidemiology of human bocaviruses 1–4. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(9):1403–12. doi: 10.1093/infdis/jir525.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
