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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">440</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2016-44-4-513-534</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">VASCULAR CALCIFICATION, ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND BONE LOSS (OSTEOPOROSIS): NEW PATHOPHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES FOR PHARMACOLOGICAL THERAPY</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>КАЛЬЦИФИКАЦИЯ СОСУДОВ, АТЕРОСКЛЕРОЗ И ПОТЕРЯ КОСТНОЙ МАССЫ (ОСТЕОПОРОЗ): НОВЫЕ ПАТОФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ РАЗВИТИЯ МЕДИКАМЕНТОЗНОЙ ТЕРАПИИ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dolzhenko</surname><given-names>A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Долженко</surname><given-names>А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="DE">Germany</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Consultant, Institute of Molecular Medicine,</p><p>1 Heinrich-Damerow-Straße, Halle, 06112</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, консультант Института молекулярной медицины,</p><p>06112, Галле, Дамеровштрассе, 1</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Richter</surname><given-names>T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Рихтер</surname><given-names>Т.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="DE">Germany</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of Department of Cardiology,</p><p>4 Parkstraße, Bad Lausick, 04651</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, руководитель отделения кардиологии,</p><p>04651, Бад-Лаузик, Паркштрассе, 4</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sagalovsky</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сагаловски</surname><given-names>С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="DE">Germany</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of Department of Orthopedics,</p><p>4 Parkstraße, Bad Lausick, 04651</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, руководитель отделения ортопедии,</p><p>04651, Бад-Лаузик, Паркштрассе, 4</p></bio><email>s.sagalovsky@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Martin-Luther University HalleWittenberg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Галле-Виттенбергский университет имени Мартина Лютера</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Median Clinic</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Клиника Медиан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>44</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>513</fpage><lpage>534</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-12-23"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2016-12-23"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Dolzhenko A., Richter T., Sagalovsky S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, Долженко А., Рихтер Т., Сагаловски С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dolzhenko A., Richter T., Sagalovsky S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Долженко А., Рихтер Т., Сагаловски С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/440">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/440</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Vascular calcification or ectopic mineralization in blood vessels is an active, cell-regulated process, increasingly recognized as a general cardiovascular risk factor. Ectopic artery mineralization is frequently accompanied by decreased bone mineral density or disturbed bone turnover and development of the osteoporosis. The latest data support the correlation of osteoporosis and atherosclerosis, indicating the parallel progression of two tissue destruction processes with increased fatal and nonfatal coronary events, as well as a  higher fracture risk. Patients with osteoporosis, have a  higher risk of cardiovascular diseases than subjects with normal bone. Many proteins responsible for bone formation and resorption have been identified in the arterial wall. Vascular calcification includes mostly osteogenic and, to a  lesser extent chondrogenic differentiation of osteoblasts and osteoclast-like cells. It has been shown that many of the regulators of bone formation and resorption some bone structural proteins, such as osteoprotegerin (OPG), receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) are also expressed in the atherosclerotic plaque. When RANKL binds to RANK, osteoclasts are activated and bone resorption occurs and processes of vascular calcification become also activated. OPG, protein homologue to receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB (RANK), can bind to RANKL, blocking the binding of RANKL to RANK, that results in inhibition of differentiation of preosteoclasts to mature osteoclasts, lower osteoclast capacity for resorption of bone mineral matrix, and development vascular calcification. The latest data supports that cathepsin K, a cysteine protease, can efficiently degrade type  I  and II collagen, both of which are major matrix components of the bone and atherosclerotic plaque. These findings further underscore the potential of cathepsin K as a target for novel molecules to treat osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. Thus, the discovery of the cytokine RANKL-RANK-OPG system and significant role of the cathepsin K in the process of bone remodeling, vascular calcification and atherosclerosis has made progress in understanding the mechanisms of disease development and possibly to develop new dual therapies. New therapies for osteoporosis and atherosclerosis that may potentially improve or augment existing treatments include the recently approved anti-receptor activator of NF-κB-ligand monoclonal antibody fms (denosumab) and the cathepsin  K  inhibitor odanacatib, presently in the late stage of clinical development.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Кальцификация, или эктопическая минерализация, кровеносных сосудов – активный процесс, регулируемый клетками, который получает все большее признание как общий сердечно-сосудистый фактор риска. Эктопическая минерализация артерий часто сопровождается уменьшением плотности костной ткани или нарушением костного обмена с  развитием остеопороза. Последние данные подтверждают связь остеопороза с атеросклерозом, что свидетельствует о  параллельном прогрессировании дегенеративных процессов в этих двух тканях, увеличивающем частоту летальных и нелетальных сердечно-сосудистых событий и повышающем риск переломов. У пациентов с остеопорозом имеется более высокий риск сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, чем у  лиц со здоровой костной тканью. В артериальной стенке найдено много белков, участвующих в  процессах костеобразования и  костной резорбции. Кальцификация сосудов подразумевает в  большей степени остеогенную и в меньшей – хондрогенную дифференцировку остеобластов и  остеокласто-подобных клеток. Показано, что в  атеросклеротической бляшке также экспрессируются многие регуляторы костеобразования и  костной резорбции, некоторые структурные белки кости, такие как остеопротегерин (OPG) и  лиганд-рецептор активатора ядерного фактора κB (RANKL). После связывания RANKL с RANK происходит активация остеокластов, усиливается костная резорбция и процессы кальцификации сосудов. OPG, белок, гомологичный рецептору активатора ядерного фактора κB (RANK), может связываться с  RANKL, блокируя связывание последнего с RANK, что ведет к угнетению дифференцировки преостеокластов в зрелые остеокласты, снижению способности остеокластов резорбировать минеральный матрикс кости и  кальцификации сосудов. Самые последние данные подтверждают, что катепсин  К  (цистеинпротеаза) может активно разрушать коллаген I и II типов – основной компонент матрикса кости и атеросклеротической бляшки. Эти данные еще больше подчеркивают перспективность использования катепсина К как мишени действия новых молекул для лечения остеопороза и атеросклероза. Таким образом, открытие системы цитокинов RANKL-RANK-OPG и важнейшей роли катепсина К в ремоделировании костной ткани, сосудистой кальцификации и  атеросклероза  – шаг вперед в понимании механизмов развития заболеваний и, возможно, в  разработке новых лекарств двойного действия. Новые препараты для лечения остеопороза и  атеросклероза, способствующие усовершенствованию и повышению эффективности существующих методов лечения,  – это недавно зарегистрированный антагонист лиганда рецептора активатора ядерного фактора κB моноклональное антитело деносумаб и  ингибитор катепсина К  одана-катиб, который в  настоящее время находится в третьей фазе клинических испытаний.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>atherosclerosis</kwd><kwd>osteoporosis</kwd><kwd>common mechanisms</kwd><kwd>RANKL-RANK-OPG system</kwd><kwd>cathepsin K</kwd><kwd>denosumab</kwd><kwd>odanacatib</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>атеросклероз</kwd><kwd>остеопороз</kwd><kwd>общие механизмы</kwd><kwd>система RANKL-RANK-OPG</kwd><kwd>катепсин K</kwd><kwd>деносумаб</kwd><kwd>оданакатиб</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">Martin-Luther University</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. 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