<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">438</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2016-44-4-493-500</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">SLEEP APNEA IN ENDOCRINE DISORDERS</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>АПНОЭ СНА ПРИ ЭНДОКРИННОЙ ПАТОЛОГИИ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Misnikova</surname><given-names>I. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мисникова</surname><given-names>И. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Leading Research Fellow, Department of Therapeutic Endocrinology; Professor, Chair of Endocrinology, Postgraduate Training Faculty,</p><p>61/2 Shchepkina ul., Moscow, 129110</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, вед. науч. сотр., отделение терапевтической эндокринологии; профессор кафедры эндокринологии факультета усовершенствования врачей,</p><p>129110, г. Москва, ул. Щепкина, 61/2–9</p></bio><email>inna-misnikova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ МО «Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>44</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>493</fpage><lpage>500</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-12-22"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2016-12-22"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Misnikova I.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, Мисникова И.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Misnikova I.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мисникова И.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/438">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/438</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In the recent years, an association between sleep apnea and a  number of endocrine diseases has been established. The secretion of many hormones after falling asleep is considerably changed, compared to the period of wakefulness. In patients with endocrine disorders, abnormal hormonal secretion and its pathological consequences may contribute to sleep apnea. Sleep fragmentation and intermittent hypoxia arising in sleep apnea result in a decrease in insulin sensitivity, which contributes to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus. The prevalence of sleep apnea increases in acromegaly, which may affect the risk of cardio-pulmonary complications. There is an association between sleep apnea and testosterone treatment in men, as well as in postmenopausal women. Sleep apnea in hypothyroidism is most frequently related to the development of hypothyroidism per se and can therefore be reversed with thyroid hormone replacement therapy. Timely detection and treatment of sleep apnea in patients with endocrine disorders can improve their survival prognosis and quality of life.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В последние годы установлена связь между апноэ сна и некоторыми эндокринными заболеваниями. Секреция многих гормонов существенно изменяется после засыпания по сравнению с  периодом бодрствования. При эндокринопатиях изменения в  секреции ряда гормонов и  следующие за ними патологические процессы могут способствовать развитию апноэ сна. Фрагментация сна и  прерывистая гипоксия, возникающие при синдроме обструктивного апноэ сна, ведут к уменьшению чувствительности к  инсулину, что способствует развитию сахарного диабета 2-го типа. Распространенность апноэ сна повышается при акромегалии. Это может оказывать влияние на риск сердечно-легочных осложнений у  таких пациентов. Обнаружены ассоциации между апноэ сна и  терапией тестостероном у  мужчин, а  также периодом менопаузы у женщин. Апноэ сна при гипотиреозе чаще всего обусловлено развитием самого гипотиреоза и поэтому может иметь обратное развитие при назначении заместительной терапии тиреоидными гормонами. Своевременное выявление и лечение апноэ сна у  пациентов с  эндокринной патологией может улучшить прогноз выживаемости и  качество жизни.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>endocrine disorders</kwd><kwd>sleep apnea</kwd><kwd>complications</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эндокринные заболевания</kwd><kwd>апноэ сна</kwd><kwd>осложнения</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Bixler  EO, Vgontzas  AN, Lin  HM, Ten Have  T, Rein  J, Vela-Bueno  A, Kales  A. Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in women: effects of gender. Am J  Respir Crit Care Med. 2001;163(3 Pt  1):608–13. doi: 10.1164/ajrccm.163.3.9911064.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Weitzman  ED, Zimmerman  JC, Czeisler  CA, Ronda J. Cortisol secretion is inhibited during sleep in normal man. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1983;56(2):352–8. doi: 10.1210/jcem-56-2-352.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3. Ковальзон ВМ. Основы сомнологии: физиология и  нейрохимия цикла «бодрствование – сон». 3-е изд. М.: БИНОМ. Лаборатория знаний; 2014. 239 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4. Einhorn D, Stewart DA, Erman MK, Gordon N, Philis-Tsimikas  A, Casal  E. Prevalence of sleep apnea in a  population of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Endocr Pract. 2007;13(4):355–62. doi: 10.4158/EP.13.4.355.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5.Древаль  АВ, Мисникова  ИВ, Губкина  ВА, Агальцов  МВ, Федорова  СИ. Оценка распространенности нарушений дыхания во сне у лиц с различными нарушениями углеводного обмена. Сахарный диабет. 2013;(1): 71–7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6. Яковлев  АВ, Маянская  СД, Вергазова  АН, Плуталова  ЛП, Мазина  ПБ, Маянская  НН, Яковлева  НФ. Маркеры дисфункции жировой ткани у пациентов с ожирением и синдромом обструктивного апноэ сна. Казанский медицинский журнал. 2015;96(2):134–7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7. Louis  M, Punjabi  NM. Effects of acute intermittent hypoxia on glucose metabolism in awake healthy volunteers. J  Appl Physiol (1985). 2009;106(5):1538–44. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91523.2008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8. Stamatakis  KA, Punjabi  NM. Effects of sleep fragmentation on glucose metabolism in normal subjects. Chest. 2010;137(1):95–101. doi: 10.1378/chest.09-0791.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9. Chrousos  G, Vgontzas  AN, Kritikou  I. HPA  axis and sleep [updated 2016 Jan 18]. In: De Groot  LJ, Beck-Peccoz  P,  Chrousos  G, Dungan K, Grossman A, Hershman JM, Koch C, McLachlan R, New M, Rebar R, Singer F, Vinik A, Weickert  MO, editors. Endotext [Internet]. South Dartmouth (MA): MDText.com, Inc.; 2000. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279071/.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10. Kritikou  I, Basta  M, Vgontzas  AN, Pejovic  S, Fernandez-Mendoza  J, Liao  D, Bixler  EO, Gaines  J, Chrousos  GP.  Sleep apnoea and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in men and women: effects of continuous positive airway pressure. Eur Respir  J. 2016;47(2):531–40. doi: 10.1183/13993003.00319-2015.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11.Narkiewicz  K, Somers  VK. Sympathetic nerve activity in obstructive sleep apnoea. Acta Physiol Scand. 2003;177(3):385–90. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-201X.2003.01091.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12. Young T, Peppard  PE, Taheri  S. Excess weight and sleep-disordered breathing. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2005;99(4):1592–9. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00587.2005.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13. Keskin A, Ünalacak M, Bilge U, Yildiz P, Güler S, Selçuk EB, Bilgin M. Effects of Sleep Disorders on Hemoglobin A1c Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Patients. Chin Med J (Engl). 2015;128(24):3292–7. doi: 10.4103/0366-6999.171415.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14. Leong  WB, Jadhakhan  F, Taheri  S, Chen  YF, Adab  P,  Thomas  GN. Effect of obstructive sleep apnoea on diabetic retinopathy and maculopathy: a  systematic review and metaanalysis. Diabet Med. 2016;33(2):158–68. doi: 10.1111/dme.12817.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15.Akkoyunlu ME, Ilhan MM, Bayram M, Taşan E, Yakar  F, Ozçelik  HK, Karakose  F, Kart  L. Does hormonal control obviate positive airway pressure therapy in acromegaly with sleep-disordered breathing? Respir Med. 2013;107(11):1803–9. doi: 10.1016/j.rmed.2013.08.043.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16. Powlson AS, Gurnell M. Cardiovascular disease and sleep-disordered breathing in acromegaly. Neuroendocrinology. 2016;103(1):75–85. doi: 10.1159/000438903.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17.Annamalai AK, Webb A, Kandasamy N, Elkhawad M, Moir  S, Khan  F, Maki-Petaja  K, Gayton EL, Strey  CH, O'Toole  S, Ariyaratnam  S, Halsall  DJ, Chaudhry  AN, Berman  L, Scoffings DJ, Antoun NM, Dutka DP, Wilkinson IB, Shneerson JM, Pickard JD, Simpson HL, Gurnell M. A  comprehensive study of clinical, biochemical, radiological, vascular, cardiac, and sleep parameters in an unselected cohort of patients with acromegaly undergoing presurgical somatostatin receptor ligand therapy. J  Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(3):1040–50. doi: 10.1210/jc.2012-3072.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18. Sakai  A, Toga  H, Tachibana  O, Miwa  T. Assessment of treatment effect for acromegaly with sleep disordered breathing. Nihon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho. 2013;116(5):612–8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19.Duarte  FH, Jallad  RS, Amaro  AC, Drager  LF, Lorenzi-Filho  G, Bronstein  MD. The impact of sleep apnea treatment on carbohydrate metabolism in patients with acromegaly. Pituitary. 2013;16(3):341–50. doi: 10.1007/s11102-012-0430-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20. Peker  Y, Svensson  J, Hedner  J, Grote  L, Johannsson  G. Sleep apnoea and quality of life in growth hormone (GH)-deficient adults before and after 6 months of GH replacement therapy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2006;65(1):98–105. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02555.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21. Liu PY, Yee BJ, Phillips CL, Grunstein RR. Sleep apnea and neuroendocrine function. Sleep Medicine Clinics. 2007;2(2):225–36.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22.Hoyos  CM, Killick  R, Keenan  DM, Baxter  RC, Veldhuis JD, Liu PY. Continuous positive airway pressure increases pulsatile growth hormone secretion and circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 in a time-dependent manner in men with obstructive sleep apnea: a  randomized sham-controlled study. Sleep. 2014;37(4):733–41. doi: 10.5665/sleep.3580.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23. Liu PY, Yee B, Wishart SM, Jimenez M, Jung DG, Grunstein RR, Handelsman DJ. The short-term effects of high-dose testosterone on sleep, breathing, and function in older men. J  Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88(8):3605–13. doi: 10.1210/jc.2003-030236.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24.Hoyos  CM, Killick  R, Yee  BJ, Grunstein  RR, Liu  PY. Effects of testosterone therapy on sleep and breathing in obese men with severe obstructive sleep apnoea: a  randomized placebo-controlled trial. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2012;77(4):599–607. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2012.04413.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25. Luboshitzky  R, Lavie  L, Shen-Orr  Z, Herer  P.  Altered luteinizing hormone and testosterone secretion in middle-aged obese men with obstructive sleep apnea. Obes Res. 2005;13(4):780–6. doi: 10.1038/oby.2005.88.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26. Celec  P,  Mucska  I, Ostatníková  D, Hodosy  J. Testosterone and estradiol are not affected in male and female patients with obstructive sleep apnea treated with continuous positive airway pressure. J  Endocrinol Invest. 2014;37(1):9–12. doi: 10.1007/s40618-013-0003-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>27.Galvan T, Camuso J, Sullivan K, Kim S, White D, Redline S, Joffe H. Association of estradiol with sleep apnea in depressed perimenopausal and postmenopausal women: a preliminary study. Menopause. 2016 Sep 19 [Epub ahead of print]. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000000737.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>28. Zhou  XS, Rowley  JA, Demirovic  F, Diamond MP, Badr MS. Effect of testosterone on the apneic threshold in women during NREM sleep. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2003;94(1):101–7. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00264.2002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>29.Donato GB, Fuchs SC, Oppermann K, Bastos C, Spritzer PM. Association between menopause status and central adiposity measured at different cutoffs of waist circumference and waistto-hip ratio. Menopause. 2006;13(2):280–5. doi: 10.1097/01.gme.0000177907.32634.ae.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>30. Barbosa FR, Silva CM, Lima GA, Warszawski L, Domingues  RC, Dominic  M, Fontes  R, Vieira Neto L, Gadelha MR. Prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea in patients with prolactinoma before and after treatment with dopamine agonists. Pituitary. 2014;17(5):441–9. doi: 10.1007/s11102-013-0524-y.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>31. Frieboes RM, Murck H, Stalla GK, Antonijevic IA, Steiger  A. Enhanced slow wave sleep in patients with prolactinoma. J  Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1998;83(8):2706–10. doi: 10.1210/jcem.83.8.5016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>32.Jha  A, Sharma  SK, Tandon  N, Lakshmy  R, Kadhiravan T, Handa KK, Gupta R, Pandey RM, Chaturvedi  PK. Thyroxine replacement therapy reverses sleep-disordered breathing in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Sleep Med. 2006;7(1):55–61. doi: 10.1016/j.sleep.2005.05.003.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>33.Araz  O, Yilmazel Ucar  E, Yalcin  A, Pulur  D, Acemoglu  H, Tas  H, Saglam  L, Akgun  M, Mirici  A. The incidence and severity of pulmonary hypertension in obstructive sleep apnea with hypothyroidism. Med Sci Monit. 2013;19:883–7. doi: 10.12659/MSM.889619.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>34. Фадеева МИ, Савельева ЛВ, Фадеев ВВ. Cиндром обструктивного апноэ сна в практике врача-эндокринолога. Ожирение и метаболизм. 2010;(1):3–10.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>35. Bielicki P, Przybyłowski T, Kumor M, Barnaś M, Wiercioch  M, Chazan  R. Thyroid Hormone Levels and TSH Activity in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2016;878:67–71. doi: 10.1007/5584_2015_180.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>36. Sawin  CT, Castelli  WP,  Hershman  JM, McNamara  P,  Bacharach  P. The aging thyroid. Thyroid deficiency in the Framingham Study. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145(8):1386–8. doi: 10.1001/archinte.1985.00360080056006.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>37. Takeuchi S, Kitamura T, Ohbuchi T, Koizumi H, Takahashi R, Hohchi N, Suzuki H. Relationship between sleep apnea and thyroid function. Sleep Breath. 2015;19(1):85–9. doi: 10.1007/s11325-014-0966-0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>38. Shipley  JE, Schteingart  DE, Tandon  R, Starkman  MN. Sleep architecture and sleep apnea in patients with Cushing's disease. Sleep. 1992;15(6):514–8.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
