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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">437</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2016-44-4-477-492</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Hypoparathyroidism: etiology, clinical manifestation, current diagnostics and treatment</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гипопаратиреоз: этиология, клиническая картина, современные методы диагностики и лечения</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mokrysheva</surname><given-names>N. G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мокрышева</surname><given-names>Н. Г.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of Parathyroid Glands Pathology Centre,</p><p>11 Dmitriya Ul'yanova ul., Moscow, 117036</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, руководитель Центра патологии околощитовидных желез,</p><p>117036, г. Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, 11</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Eremkina</surname><given-names>A. K.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Еремкина</surname><given-names>А. К.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Research Fellow, Parathyroid Glands Pathology Centre,</p><p>11 Dmitriya Ul'yanova ul., Moscow, 117036</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, науч. сотр., Центр патологии околощитовидных желез,</p><p>117036, г. Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, 11</p></bio><email>parathyroid.enc@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovaleva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Resident,</p><p>11 Dmitriya Ul'yanova ul., Moscow, 117036</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>клинический ординатор,</p><p>117036, г. Москва, ул. Дмитрия Ульянова, 11</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Endocrinology Research Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Эндокринологический научный центр» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-06-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>06</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>44</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>477</fpage><lpage>492</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-12-22"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2016-12-22"><day>22</day><month>12</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Mokrysheva N.G., Eremkina A.K., Kovaleva E.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, Мокрышева Н.Г., Еремкина А.К., Ковалева Е.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Mokrysheva N.G., Eremkina A.K., Kovaleva E.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мокрышева Н.Г., Еремкина А.К., Ковалева Е.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/437">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/437</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is the main regulator of calcium and phosphorus metabolism. PTH deficiency or tissue resistance to its effects results in hypoparathyroidism characterized by low serum calcium and elevated serum phosphate levels. The most common is post-operative hypoparathyroidism caused by an inadvertent damage or removal of the parathyroid glands, deterioration of blood supply to the neck region, most often during thyroid surgery. The second common form of the disease is the autoimmune one related with immune destruction of parathyroid cells. Less frequent causes of hypoparathyroidism include a variety of genetic syndromes, mitochondrial genome defects, and hypomagnesemia. The main signs and symptoms of hypoparathyroidism are related to hypocalcaemia and hyperphosphatemia land result in increased neuromuscular irritability and general autonomic reactivity, with finger and toe tingling, muscle cramps, tonic seizures, laryngo- and bronchospasm, and neurosis. These symptoms are closely associated with serum calcium levels; their severity depends on the degree of hypocalcaemia. Laboratory parameters confirming the diagnosis of hypoparathyroidism are hypocalcaemia, hyperphosphatemia, and reduced serum PTH. Treatment of hypoparathyroidism involves management of hypocalcaemic crisis and maintenance therapy. Acute hypocalcaemia, a  potentially life-threatening condition, is treated as an emergency with intravenous calcium combined with oral calcium and active vitamin D. Standard chronic treatment for hypoparathyroidism is based on oral calcium and active metabolites of vitamin  D / vitamin  D analogs and is aimed at the balance between optimal low-normal serum calcium concentrations and normocalciuria. Worsening hypercalciuria is often underestimated by specialists, although it can cause severe renal problems, such as nephrocalcinosis and neprolithiasis. Hypoparathyroidism is one of the few endocrine deficiencies for which replacement treatment with recombinant PTH is not widely used. Replacement therapy with recombinant human PTH is a  promising area, especially in severe clinical cases, refractory to conventional treatment.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Главным регулятором фосфорно-кальциевого обмена является паратиреоидный гормон (паратгормон, ПТГ). Недостаточность ПТГ или резистентность тканей к  его действию приводит к  развитию гипопаратиреоза, характеризующегося гипокальциемией и гиперфосфатемией. Наиболее часто встречается послеоперационный гипопаратиреоз, обусловленный повреждением или удалением околощитовидных желез, нарушением их кровоснабжения в ходе хирургического вмешательства в  области шеи, в  основном по поводу заболеваний щитовидной железы. Вторая по распространенности форма заболевания, обусловленная иммуноопосредованным разрушением клеток околощитовидных желез,  – аутоиммунный гипопаратиреоз. К более редким причинам гипопаратиреоза относят различные генетические нарушения, дефекты митохондриального генома, гипомагниемию. Основные клинические проявления гипопаратиреоза обусловлены гипокальциемией и  гиперфосфатемией, приводящими к  увеличению нервно-мышечной возбудимости и  общей вегетативной реактивности, и включают в себя парестезии в акральных областях, фибриллярные подергивания, тонические судороги, ларинго- и бронхоспазм, неврозы. Проявление этих симптомов тесно связано с уровнем кальция в сыворотке крови; степень их выраженности зависит от тяжести гипокальциемии. Лабораторными показателями, подтверждающими диагноз гипопаратиреоза, являются гипокальциемия, гиперфосфатемия, снижение уровня ПТГ в  сыворотке крови. Лечение гипопаратиреоза подразделяется на купирование тетанического гипокальциемического криза и  поддерживающую терапию. Для купирования острой гипокальциемии используют внутривенное введение глюконата кальция с  одновременным назначением препаратов кальция и  активных метаболитов. Стандартная терапия хронического гипопаратиреоза включает в  себя пероральное применение солей кальция и активных метаболитов/ аналогов витамина D и направлена на поддержание баланса между оптимальной низконормальной концентрацией кальция в  сыворотке крови и  нормокальциурией. Повышение экскреции кальция с мочой часто недооценивается специалистами, хотя гиперкальциурия может приводить к  развитию тяжелой почечной патологии – нефрокальциноза и нефролитиаза. Гипопаратиреоз  – одна из немногих эндокринопатий, для которых заместительная терапия рекомбинантным паратгормоном пока не нашла широкого применения. Заместительная терапия препаратами рекомбинантного человеческого ПТГ  – перспективное направление, особенно в тяжелых клинических случаях, рефрактерных к традиционной терапии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>hypoparathyroidism</kwd><kwd>pseudohypoparathyroidism</kwd><kwd>parathyroid hormone (PTH)</kwd><kwd>hypocalcaemia</kwd><kwd>hyperphosphatemia</kwd><kwd>recombinant human PTH 1-84</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гипопаратиреоз</kwd><kwd>псевдогипопаратиреоз</kwd><kwd>паратиреоидный гормон</kwd><kwd>гипокальциемия</kwd><kwd>гиперфосфатемия</kwd><kwd>рекомбинантный человеческий паратиреоидный гормон 1-84</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Shoback D. Clinical practice. Hypoparathyroidism. N Engl J  Med. 2008;359(4):391–403. doi: 10.1056/NEJMcp0803050.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. 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