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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">377</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2016-44-6-719-733</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Inflammatory bowel disease with a very early onset</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Воспалительные заболевания кишечника с очень ранним началом</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kornienko</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Корниенко</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kornienko Elena A. – MD, PhD, Professor, Head of the Chair of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Postgraduate and Additional Professional Education.</p><p>2 Litovskaya ul., Saint Petersburg, 194100, Russian Federation. Tel.: +7 (812) 778 06 61. E-mail: elenkornienk@yandex.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p/><p>Корниенко Елена Александровна – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой гастроэнтерологии факультета последипломного и дополнительного  профессионального образования.</p>194100, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Литовская, 2, Российская Федерация. Тел.: +7 (812) 778 06 61. E-mail: elenkornienk@yandex.ru</bio><email>elenkornienk@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krupina</surname><given-names>A. N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Крупина</surname><given-names>А. Н.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Krupina Anna N. - Postgraduate Student, Chair of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Postgraduate and Additional Professional Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Крупина Анна Николаевна – аспирант кафедры гастроэнтерологии факультета последипломного  и дополнительного профессионального образования</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gabrusskaya</surname><given-names>T. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Габрусская</surname><given-names>Т. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Gabrusskaya Tat'yana V. – Assistant Professor, Chair of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Postgraduate and Additional Professional Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Габрусская Татьяна Владимировна – ассистент кафедры гастроэнтерологии факультета последипломного и дополнительного  профессионального образования</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kalinina</surname><given-names>N. M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Калинина</surname><given-names>Н. М.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Kalinina Nataliya M. – MD, PhD, Professor, Head of Department of Research and Development, Division of Clinical Immunology, Chief Research Fellow.</p><p> </p><p>4/2 Akademika Lebedeva ul., Saint Petersburg, 194044, Russian Federation. Tel.: +7 (812) 544 88 65. E-mail: doctkalin@mail.ru</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Калинина Наталия Михайловна – доктор медицинских наук, профессор, начальник научно-исследовательского отдела клинической иммунологии, гл. научный сотрудник.</p><p>194044, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Академика Лебедева, 4/2, Российская Федерация. Тел.: +7 (812) 544 88 65. E-mail: doctkalin@mail.ru</p><p> </p></bio><email>doctkalin@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint-Petersburg State Pediatric Medical University, Saint Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Санкт-Петербургский государственный педиатрический медицинский университет, Санкт-Петербург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">All-Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine named after A.M. Nikiphorov, Saint Petersburg</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Всероссийский центр экстренной и радиационной медицины имени А.М. Никифорова, Санкт-Петербург</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2016-09-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></pub-date><volume>44</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>719</fpage><lpage>733</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-09-29"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2016-09-29"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2016, Kornienko E.A., Krupina A.N., Gabrusskaya T.V., Kalinina N.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2016, Корниенко Е.А., Крупина А.Н., Габрусская Т.В., Калинина Н.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2016</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kornienko E.A., Krupina A.N., Gabrusskaya T.V., Kalinina N.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Корниенко Е.А., Крупина А.Н., Габрусская Т.В., Калинина Н.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/377">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/377</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis) has a tendency to manifest at earlier age. In childhood (&lt; 6 years of age) it has an especially severe course and is characterized by high grade inflammation, predominantly in the colon, by complication and extra-intestinal autoimmune injury. At younger age, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis require more aggressive treatment with frequently poor results. From genetic point of view, monogenic mutations controlling the immune response are characteristic for these diseases with an early onset; therefore, they are frequently associated with primary immunodeficiency. This implies various immunologic deficits, such as breakdown of the epithelial barrier, phagocytic dysfunction and dysfunction of Т and В lymphocytes and regulatory Т cells. Depending on this, a number of primary immunodeficiencies are identified associated with monogenic mutations of more than 50 genes. There some age-related specific features at manifestation. Thus, defects in interleukin 10 and FOXP3 manifest in the first months of life, whereas severe combined immunodeficiencies and phagocytosis defects become evident somewhat later. Virtually all 24 children with very early onset of inflammatory bowel disease, whom we examined, had immunologic defects and one child had a XIAP gene mutation. After identification of a specific immunologic defect, one can understand the mechanism of the disease and suspect one or another genetic defect with subsequent reasonable assessment of mutations in candidate genes. Detection of immunologic and genetic defects in children with a very early onset of inflammatory bowel disease allows for choosing an adequate strategy of non-conventional treatment that may differ depending on the mechanism of the disease.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Воспалительные заболевания кишечника  – болезнь Крона и язвенный колит – имеют тенденцию к омоложению. В раннем возрасте (до 6 лет) они протекают особенно тяжело, характеризуются высокой активностью воспаления  преимущественно  в  толстой  кишке,  осложнениями и внекишечными аутоиммунными поражениями. В  раннем  возрасте  болезнь  Крона и язвенный колит требуют более  агрессивной  терапии,  результаты которой  часто бывают неудовлетворительными. Генетически для воспалительных  заболеваний  кишечника с очень  ранним началом характерны моногенные мутации, контролирующие иммунный ответ, поэтому данные заболевания часто сочетаются с первичными  иммунодефицитными состояниями. При этом возможны различные иммунологические дефекты: нарушение эпителиального барьера, фагоцитарных функций, Ти В-лимфоцитов, Т-регуляторных клеток.  В зависимости от этого выделяют ряд первичных иммунодефицитных состояний, сопровождающихся моногенными мутациями более 50 генов. Имеются  возрастные   особенности  манифестации:  так,  дефекты  интерлейкина   10,  FOXP3 дебютируют в первые месяцы жизни, а тяжелые комбинированные иммунодефицитные состояния, дефекты фагоцитоза  – несколько  позднее. Практически у всех обследованных нами 24 детей с очень ранним началом воспалительного  заболевания кишечника обнаружены иммунологические дефекты, у 1 ребенка – мутация в гене XIAP. Выявив конкретный  иммунологический  дефект, можно понять механизм заболевания и заподозрить тот или иной генетический  дефект, после чего  целесообразно исследование   мутаций  генов-кандидатов. Установление иммунологического и генетического  дефекта  у детей  с очень ранним началом воспалительного заболевания кишечника позволяет подобрать адекватную стратегию нетрадиционной терапии, которая может различаться  в зависимости от механизма заболевания.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>inflammatory bowel disease with a very early onset</kwd><kwd>immunodeficiency state</kwd><kwd>monogenic immune defect</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>воспалительные заболевания кишечника с очень ранним началом</kwd><kwd>иммунодефицитные состояния</kwd><kwd>моногенные дефекты иммунитета</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Heyman MB, Kirschner BS, Gold BD, Ferry G, Baldassano R, Cohen SA, Winter HS, Fain P, King C, Smith T, El-Serag HB. Children with early-onset inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): analysis of a pediatric IBD consortium registry. 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