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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">275</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2015-38-113-126</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Physiological role of growth factors and bone morphogenetic proteins in osteogenesis and bone fracture healing: а review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>ФИЗИОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ РОЛЬ ФАКТОРОВ РОСТА И КОСТНЫХ МОРФОГЕНЕТИЧЕСКИХ ПРОТЕИНОВ В ОСТЕОГЕНЕЗЕ И ЗАЖИВЛЕНИИ ПЕРЕЛОМОВ КОСТИ</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sagalovsky</surname><given-names>S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сагаловски</surname><given-names>C.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Department of Orthopedics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, отделение ортопедии</p></bio><email>s.sagalovsky@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Median Clinic</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Клиника Медиан</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2015-05-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>05</month><year>2015</year></pub-date><issue>38</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>113</fpage><lpage>126</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2016-02-22"><day>22</day><month>02</month><year>2016</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2016-02-22"><day>22</day><month>02</month><year>2016</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2015, Sagalovsky S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2015, Сагаловски C.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2015</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sagalovsky S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Сагаловски C.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/275">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/275</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The repair of large bone defects remains a major clinical orthopedic challenge. Bone regeneration and fracture healing is a complex physiological mechanisms regulated by a large number of biologically active molecules. Multiple factors regulate this cascade of molecular events, which affects different stages in the osteoblast and chondroblast lineage during such processes as migration, proliferation, chemotaxis, differentiation, inhibition, and extracellular protein synthesis. A recent review has focused on the mechanisms by which growth and differentiation factors regulate the fracture healing process. Rapid progress in skeletal cellular and molecular biology has led to identification of many signaling molecules associated with formation of skeletal tissues, including a large family of growth factors (transforming growth factor-β and bone morphogenetic proteins, fibroblast growth factor, insulin-like growth factor, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor, cytokines and interleukins). There is increasing evidence indicating that they are critical regulators of cellular proliferation, differentiation, extracellular matrix biosynthesis and bone mineralization. A clear understanding of cellular and molecular pathways involved in fracture healing is not only critical for improvement of fracture treatments, but it may also enhance further our knowledge of mechanisms involved in skeletal growth and repair, as well as mechanisms of aging. This suggests that, in the future, they may play a major role in the treatment of bone disease and fracture repair.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Заживление переломов трубчатых костей остается главной проблемой современной ортопедии. Регенерация костной ткани и срастание перелома представляет собой сложный физиологический процесс, который регулируется множеством биологически активных молекул. Многочисленные факторы модифицируют каскад молекулярных событий, влияющий на разные стадии созревания остеобластов и хондробластов на таких этапах, как миграция, пролиферация, хемотаксис, дифференцировка, ингибирование и синтез внеклеточных белков. В недавно опубликованном обзоре рассмотрены механизмы, при помощи которых факторы роста и дифференцировки регулируют процесс срастания костного перелома. Благодаря достижениям в клеточной и молекулярной биологии костной ткани обнаружено большое число сигнальных молекул, участвующих в формировании тканей скелета, включая большое семейство ростовых факторов (трансформирующего фактора роста β, протеинов костного морфогенеза, фактора роста фибробластов, сосудистого эндотелиального ростового фактора, инсулиноподобного фактора роста, тромбоцитарного фактора роста), а также цитокинов и интерлейкинов. Накапливается все больше доказательств того, что они являются важнейшими регуляторами процессов пролиферации и дифференцировки клеток, биосинтеза внеклеточного вещества и минерализации костной ткани. Четкое понимание клеточных и молекулярных механизмов репарации переломов очень важно не только для разработки современных методов лечения переломов, но и для углубления понимания механизмов роста и регенерации скелета, а также механизмов старения. Это позволяет предполагать, что в будущем эти знания могут сыграть одну из основных ролей в разработке методов лечения костной патологии и стимуляции срастания переломов.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bone fracture healing</kwd><kwd>growth factors</kwd><kwd>bone morphogenetic protein</kwd><kwd>osteogenesis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>заживление перелома кости</kwd><kwd>факторы роста</kwd><kwd>костный морфогенетический протеин</kwd><kwd>остеогенез</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Bais M, McLean J, Sebastiani P, Young M, Wigner N, Smith T, Kotton DN, Einhorn TA, Gerstenfeld LC. Transcriptional analysis of fracture healing and the induction of embryonic stem cell-related genes. PLoS One. 2009;4(5):e5393.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Kwong FN, Harris MB. Recent developments in the biology of fracture repair. 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