<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17609</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2026-54-001</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en"><italic>Limosilactobacillus reuteri</italic> DSM 17648 as an adjuvant in the fight against <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic> infection: Mechanisms of action, clinical efficacy, and prospects</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title><italic>Limosilactobacillus reuteri</italic> DSM 17648 как адъювант в борьбе с инфекцией <italic>Helicobacter pylori</italic>: механизмы действия, клиническая эффективность и перспективы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0331-0963</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sitkin</surname><given-names>Stanislav I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ситкин</surname><given-names>Станислав Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of the Functional Metabolomics and Human Microbiome Research Group, Institute of Perinatology and Pediatrics<sup>1</sup>; Associate Professor, Chair of Propaedeutics of Internal Diseases, Gastroenterology and Dietetics named after S.M. Ryss<sup>2</sup>; Leading Research Fellow, Laboratory of Biomedical Microecology<sup>3</sup></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, зав. научно-исследовательской группой функциональной метаболомики и микробиома человека Института перинатологии и педиатрии<sup>1</sup>; доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и диетологии им. С.М. Рысса<sup>2</sup>; вед. науч. сотр. лаборатории биомедицинской микроэкологии<sup>3</sup></p></bio><email>drsitkin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Almazov National Medical Research Centre</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени В.А. Алмазова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Experimental Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Институт экспериментальной медицины»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-03-14" publication-format="electronic"><day>14</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-02-25"><day>25</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-06"><day>06</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; , Sitkin S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; , Ситкин С.И.</copyright-statement><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sitkin S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ситкин С.И.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17609">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17609</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>Helicobacter pylori </italic>infection remains a key risk factor for chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, and gastric adenocarcinoma. However, the efficacy of standard eradication regimens is substantially declining due to rising antibiotic resistance and frequent therapy-related adverse effects. In this context, interest in adjuvant strategies is growing, including the use of probiotics and postbiotics / metabiotics capable of increasing eradication rates and improving treatment tolerability through strain-specific mechanisms of action and modulation of the gastrointestinal microbiota.</p> <p>This review focuses on the postbiotic / metabiotic <italic>Limosilactobacillus reuteri</italic> DSM 17648, which has demonstrated anti-<italic>H. pylori</italic> activity that persists after inactivation and is independent of <italic>H. pylori </italic>antibiotic resistance. The article discusses the main mechanisms of action of <italic>L. reuteri</italic> DSM 17648, including strain-specific coaggregation with <italic>H. pylori,</italic> competitive blocking of pathogen adhesion to gastric epithelium, inhibition of <italic>H. pylori </italic>virulence factors, masking of its adhesins, as well as the production of antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory metabolites (organic acids, reuterin, exopolysaccharides, etc.) that contribute to reduced expression of urease, <italic>vacA</italic>, and <italic>cagA</italic> genes and attenuation of the inflammatory response in the gastric mucosa.</p> <p>A review of major clinical studies in adults and children is provided, including randomized placebo-controlled trials in Europe and Asia, which have shown that adding <italic>L. reuteri</italic> DSM 17648 to standard triple therapy increases <italic>H. pylori </italic>eradication rates by an average of 10–20%, reduces bacterial load (as assessed by urea breath test), alleviates dyspeptic symptoms, and decreases the frequency of gastrointestinal adverse effects by 20–40% compared to eradication therapy alone. Data from pediatric studies are separately examined, confirming the efficacy and favorable safety profile of the metabiotic during courses of up to 56 days, as well as the absence of serious adverse events in patients across different age groups.</p> <p>Based on cumulative experimental and clinical evidence, practical aspects of <italic>L. reuteri</italic> DSM 17648 use are discussed, including its incorporation into standard <italic>H. pylori</italic> eradication regimens and as monotherapy (in infected individuals without immediate eradication indications, between antibiotic courses, and in special patient populations), its place in current guidelines (Maastricht VI, Russian clinical guidelines), and future perspectives for use in combined and alternative therapeutic regimens, including the potential to reduce gastric cancer risk in infected individuals through its multifaceted impact on bacterial load, <italic>H. pylori </italic>virulence factors, inflammation, and gastric mucosal barrier function.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Инфекция <italic>Helicobacter pylori </italic>остается ключевым фактором риска хронического гастрита, язвенной болезни и аденокарциномы желудка, при этом эффективность стандартных эрадикационных схем существенно снижается на фоне роста антибиотикорезистентности и частых побочных эффектов терапии. В этих условиях возрастает интерес к адъювантным стратегиям, включая применение пробиотиков и постбиотиков / метабиотиков, способных повышать частоту эрадикации и улучшать переносимость лечения за счет штамм-специфичных механизмов действия и модуляции микробиоты желудочно-кишечного тракта.</p> <p>Настоящий обзор посвящен постбиотику / метабиотику <italic>Limosilactobacillus reuteri </italic>DSM 17648 с доказанной антихеликобактерной активностью, сохраняющейся после инактивации и не зависящей от резистентности <italic>H. pylori </italic>к антибиотикам. В статье обсуждаются основные механизмы действия <italic>L. reuteri</italic> DSM 17648, включающие штамм-специфичную коагрегацию с <italic>H. pylori,</italic> конкурентное блокирование адгезии патогена к эпителию желудка, ингибирование факторов вирулентности <italic>H. pylori,</italic> маскировку ее адгезинов, а также продукцию антимикробных и противовоспалительных метаболитов (органические кислоты, реутерин, экзополисахариды и др.), способствующих снижению экспрессии генов уреазы, <italic>vacA</italic>, <italic>cagA</italic> и уменьшению воспалительного ответа слизистой оболочки желудка.</p> <p>Приводится обзор основных клинических исследований у взрослых и детей, в том числе рандомизированных плацебо-контролируемых исследований в Европе и Азии, показавших, что добавление <italic>L. reuteri</italic> DSM 17648 к стандартной тройной терапии повышает частоту эрадикации <italic>H. pylori</italic> в среднем на 10–20%, снижает бактериальную нагрузку (по данным уреазного дыхательного теста), уменьшает выраженность диспептических симптомов и частоту побочных эффектов со стороны желудочно-кишечного тракта на 20–40% по сравнению с одной только эрадикационной терапией. Отдельно рассматриваются данные педиатрических исследований, подтверждающие эффективность и хороший профиль безопасности метабиотика при курсовом приеме до 56 дней, а также отсутствие серьезных нежелательных явлений у пациентов разных возрастных групп.</p> <p>На основе обобщенных экспериментальных и клинических данных обсуждаются практические аспекты применения <italic>L. reuteri </italic>DSM 17648 в составе стандартных схем эрадикации <italic>H. pylori </italic>и в режиме моноприема (у инфицированных лиц без показаний к немедленной эрадикации, в период между курсами антибиотиков, у особых групп пациентов), его место в современных рекомендациях (Маастрихт VI, российские клинические рекомендации), а также перспективы использования в комбинированных и альтернативных режимах терапии, в том числе с целью потенциального снижения риска развития рака желудка у инфицированных лиц за счет комплексного влияния на бактериальную нагрузку, факторы вирулентности<italic> H. pylori, </italic>воспаление и барьерную функцию слизистой оболочки желудка.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd><kwd>Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17648</kwd><kwd>metabiotic</kwd><kwd>postbiotic</kwd><kwd>coaggregation</kwd><kwd>microbiota</kwd><kwd>eradication therapy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Helicobacter pylori</kwd><kwd>Limosilactobacillus reuteri DSM 17648</kwd><kwd>метабиотик</kwd><kwd>постбиотик</kwd><kwd>коагрегация</kwd><kwd>микробиота</kwd><kwd>эрадикационная терапия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Malfertheiner P, Schulz C, Hunt RH. Helicobacter pylori infection: A 40-year journey through shifting the paradigm to transforming the management. Dig Dis. 2024;42(4):299–308. doi: 10.1159/000538079.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Avalueva EB, Serkova MYu, Sitkin SI. [Helicobacter pylori. The survival strategy of a commensal symbiont in the Homo sapiens population]. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2021;(9):102–108. Russian. doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-193-9-102-108.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Авалуева ЕБ, Серкова МЮ, Ситкин СИ. Helicobacter pylori. Стратегия выживания комменсального симбионта в популяции Homo sapiens. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2021;(9):102–108. doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-193-9-102-108.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Elbehiry A, Abalkhail A, Anajirih N, Alkhamisi F, Aldamegh M, Alramzi A, AlShaqi R, Alotaibi N, Aljuaid A, Alzahrani H, Alzaben F, Rawway M, Ibrahem M, Abdelsalam MH, Rizk NI, Mostafa MEA, Alfaqir MR, Edrees HM, Alqahtani M. Helicobacter pylori: routes of infection, antimicrobial resistance, and alternative therapies as a means to develop infection control. Diseases. 2024;12(12):311. doi: 10.3390/diseases12120311.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Liang B, Yuan Y, Peng XJ, Liu XL, Hu XK, Xing DM. Current and future perspectives for Helicobacter pylori treatment and management: From antibiotics to probiotics. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2022;12:1042070. doi: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.1042070.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Hooi JKY, Lai WY, Ng WK, Suen MMY, Underwood FE, Tanyingoh D, Malfertheiner P, Graham DY, Wong VWS, Wu JCY, Chan FKL, Sung JJY, Kaplan GG, Ng SC. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 2017;153(2):420–429. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.022.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Zamani M, Ebrahimtabar F, Zamani V, Miller WH, Alizadeh-Navaei R, Shokri-Shirvani J, Derakhshan MH. Systematic review with meta-analysis: The worldwide prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2018;47(7):868–876. doi: 10.1111/apt.14561.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Chen YC, Malfertheiner P, Yu HT, Kuo CL, Chang YY, Meng FT, Wu YX, Hsiao JL, Chen MJ, Lin KP, Wu CY, Lin JT, O'Morain C, Megraud F, Lee WC, El-Omar EM, Wu MS, Liou JM. Global prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and incidence of gastric cancer between 1980 and 2022. Gastroenterology. 2024;166(4):605–619. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.12.022.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bordin DS, Kuznetsova ES, Stauver EE, Nikol'skaya KA, Chebotareva MV, Voynovan IN, Neyasova NA. [Epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori infection in the Russian Federation from 1990 to 2023: A systematic review]. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2024;8(5):260–267. Russian. doi: 10.32364/2587-6821-2024-8-5-3.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бордин ДС, Кузнецова ЕС, Стаувер ЕЕ, Никольская КА, Чеботарева МВ, Войнован ИН, Неясова НА. Эпидемиология инфекции Helicobacter pylori в Российской Федерации с 1990 по 2023 г.: систематический обзор. РМЖ. Медицинское обозрение. 2024;8(5):260–267. doi: 10.32364/2587-6821-2024-8-5-3.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Ford AC, Yuan Y, Moayyedi P. Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy to prevent gastric cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut. 2020;69(12):2113–2121. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320839.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Sitkin S, Lazebnik L, Avalueva E, Kononova S, Vakhitov T. Gastrointestinal microbiome and Helicobacter pylori: Eradicate, leave it as it is, or take a personalized benefit-risk approach? World J Gastroenterol. 2022;28(7):766–774. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v28.i7.766.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Reyes VE. Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastric cancer. Microorganisms. 2023;11(5):1312. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms11051312.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Raza Y, Mubarak M, Memon MY, Alsulaimi MS. Update on molecular pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric cancer. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol. 2025;16(2):107052. doi: 10.4291/wjgp.v16.i2.107052.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Correa P. Human gastric carcinogenesis: a multistep and multifactorial process – First American Cancer Society Award lecture on cancer epidemiology and prevention. Cancer Res. 1992;52(24):6735–6740.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Sugano K, Moss SF, Kuipers EJ. Gastric intestinal metaplasia: Real culprit or innocent bystander as a precancerous condition for gastric cancer? Gastroenterology. 2023;165(6):1352–1366.e1. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.08.028.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Pishgar E, Mahdavi H. Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with colorectal adenocarcinoma and its association with tumor grade and location: A cross-sectional study. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench. 2025;18(2):246–251. doi: 10.22037/ghfbb.v18i2.3090.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, Rokkas T, Gisbert JP, Liou JM, Schulz C, Gasbarrini A, Hunt RH, Leja M, O'Morain C, Rugge M, Suerbaum S, Tilg H, Sugano K, El-Omar EM; European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study group. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection: The Maastricht VI/Florence consensus report. Gut. 2022:gutjnl-2022-327745. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327745.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG Clinical Guideline: Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(2):212–239. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2016.563.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain CA, Gisbert JP, Kuipers EJ, Axon AT, Bazzoli F, Gasbarrini A, Atherton J, Graham DY, Hunt R, Moayyedi P, Rokkas T, Rugge M, Selgrad M, Suerbaum S, Sugano K, El-Omar EM; European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group and Consensus panel. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection – The Maastricht V/Florence Consensus Report. Gut. 2017;66(1):6–30. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-312288.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Savoldi A, Carrara E, Graham DY, Conti M, Tacconelli E. Prevalence of antibiotic resistance in Helicobacter pylori: A systematic review and meta-analysis in World Health Organization regions. Gastroenterology. 2018;155(5):1372–1382.e17. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.007.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Bujanda L, Nyssen OP, Ramos J, Bordin DS, Tepes B, Perez-Aisa A, Pavoni M, Castro-Fernandez M, Lerang F, Leja M, Rodrigo L, Rokkas T, Kupcinskas J, Jonaitis L, Shvets O, Gasbarrini A, Simsek H, Phull PS, Buzás GM, Machado JC, Boltin D, Boyanova L, Tonkić A, Marlicz W, Venerito M, Vologzanina L, Fadieienko GD, Fiorini G, Resina E, Muñoz R, Cano-Català A, Puig I, García-Morales N, Hernández L, Moreira L, Megraud F, Morain CO, Montes M, Gisbert JP; Hp-EuReg investigators. Effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori treatments according to antibiotic resistance. Am J Gastroenterol. 2024;119(4):646–654. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002600.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Andreev DN, Khurmatullina AR, Maev IV, Bordin DS, Zaborovsky AV, Kucheryavyy YA, Sokolov PS, Beliy PA. Tailored therapy vs. empirical therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication: An umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. J Pers Med. 2025;15(10):458. doi: 10.3390/jpm15100458.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Tacconelli E, Carrara E, Savoldi A, Harbarth S, Mendelson M, Monnet DL, Pulcini C, Kahlmeter G, Kluytmans J, Carmeli Y, Ouellette M, Outterson K, Patel J, Cavaleri M, Cox EM, Houchens CR, Grayson ML, Hansen P, Singh N, Theuretzbacher U, Magrini N; WHO Pathogens Priority List Working Group. Discovery, research, and development of new antibiotics: The WHO priority list of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and tuberculosis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(3):318–327. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30753-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Yu Y, Xue J, Lin F, Liu D, Zhang W, Ru S, Jiang F. Global primary antibiotic resistance rate of Helicobacter pylori in recent 10 years: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Helicobacter. 2024;29(3):e13103. doi: 10.1111/hel.13103.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Andreev DN, Khurmatullina AR, Maev IV, Bordin DS, Zaborovskiy AV, Abdulkhakov SR, Kucheryavyy YA, Sokolov FS, Beliy PA. Helicobacter pylori antibiotic resistance in Russia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Antibiotics (Basel). 2025;14(5):524. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics14050524.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Nyssen OP, Bordin D, Tepes B, Pérez-Aisa Á, Vaira D, Caldas M, Bujanda L, Castro-Fernandez M, Lerang F, Leja M, Rodrigo L, Rokkas T, Kupcinskas L, Pérez-Lasala J, Jonaitis L, Shvets O, Gasbarrini A, Simsek H, Axon ATR, Buzás G, Machado JC, Niv Y, Boyanova L, Goldis A, Lamy V, Tonkic A, Przytulski K, Beglinger C, Venerito M, Bytzer P, Capelle L, Milosavljević T, Milivojevic V, Veijola L, Molina-Infante J, Vologzhanina L, Fadeenko G, Ariño I, Fiorini G, Garre A, Garrido J, F Pérez C, Puig I, Heluwaert F, Megraud F, O'Morain C, Gisbert JP; Hp-EuReg Investigators. European Registry on Helicobacter pylori management (Hp-EuReg): Patterns and trends in first-line empirical eradication prescription and outcomes of 5 years and 21 533 patients. Gut. 2021;70(1):40–54. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321372.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Shin CM, Kim N, Park JH, Lee DH. Changes in gastric corpus microbiota with age and after Helicobacter pylori eradication: A long-term follow-up study. Front Microbiol. 2021;11:621879. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.621879.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Chen J, Zhang Y, Min H, Zhi J, Ma S, Dong H, Yan J, Chi X, Zhang X, Yang Y. Dynamic changes in the gut microbiota after bismuth quadruple therapy and high-dose dual therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. Helicobacter. 2024;29(2):e13077. doi: 10.1111/hel.13077.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Ji J, Yang H. Using probiotics as supplementation for Helicobacter pylori antibiotic therapy. Int J Mol Sci. 2020;21(3):1136. doi: 10.3390/ijms21031136.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Shenderov BA, Sinitsa AV, Zacharhenko MM, Lang C. Metabiotics: Present state, challenges and perspectives. Springer Nature Switzerland AG., 2020. 123 p. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-34167-1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Ivashkin V, Maev I, Poluektova E, Sinitsa A, Avalueva E, Mnatsakanyan M, Simanenkov V, Karpeeva J, Kopylova D, Kuprina I, Kucheryavyy Y, Lapina T, Solovyeva O, Soom M, Cheremushkina N, Maevskaya E, Maslennikov R. Efficacy and safety of postbiotic contained inactivated Lactobacillus reuteri (Limosilactobacillus reuteri) DSM 17648 as adjuvant therapy in the eradication of Helicobacter pylori in adults with functional dyspepsia: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Clin Transl Gastroenterol. 2024;15(9):e1. doi: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000750.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Hua Q, Zhang X, Situ W, Wang Y, Hu J, Li J, Yi H, Zhang L, Zhang Z. A revolutionary approach to anti-Helicobacter pylori: Mechanisms and research progress of probiotics and postbiotics. Food Sci Hum Well. 2025. doi: 10.26599/FSHW.2025.9250778.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Yu M, Zhang R, Ni P, Chen S, Duan G. Efficacy of Lactobacillus-supplemented triple therapy for H. pylori eradication: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):e0223309. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223309.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Yang Z, Zhou Y, Han Z, He K, Zhang Y, Wu D, Chen H. The effects of probiotics supplementation on Helicobacter pylori standard treatment: An umbrella review of systematic reviews with meta-analyses. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):10069. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-59399-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Tanashat M, Abuelazm M, Abouzid M, Al-Ajlouni YA, Ramadan A, Alsalah S, Sharaf A, Ayman D, Elharti H, Zhana S, Altobaishat O, Abdelazeem B, Jaber F. Efficacy of probiotics regimens for Helicobacter pylori eradication: A systematic review, pairwise, and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN. 2025;65:424–444. doi: 10.1016/ j.clnesp.2024.11.016.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Casas Deza D, Alcedo J, Lafuente M, López FJ, Perez-Aisa Á, Pavoni M, Tepes B, Jonaitis L, Castro-Fernandez M, Pabón-Carrasco M, Keco-Huerga A, Voynovan I, Bujanda L, Lucendo AJ, Brglez Jurecic N, Denkovski M, Vologzanina L, Rodrigo L, Martínez-Domínguez SJ, Fadieienko G, Huguet JM, Abdulkhakov R, Abdulkhakov SR, Alcaide N, Velayos B, Hernández L, Bordin DS, Gasbarrini A, Kupcinskas J, Babayeva G, Gridnyev O, Leja M, Rokkas T, Marcos-Pinto R, Lerang F, Boltin D, Mestrovic A, Smith SM, Venerito M, Boyanova L, Milivojevic V, Doulberis M, Kunovsky L, Parra P, Cano-Català A, Moreira L, Nyssen OP, Megraud F, Morain CO, Gisbert JP; Hp-EuReg investigators. Probiotics prescribed with Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy in Europe: Usage pattern, effectiveness, and safety. Results from the European Registry on Helicobacter pylori management (Hp-EuReg). Am J Gastroenterol. 2025;120(11):2644–2659. doi: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000003351.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>McFarland LV, Evans CT, Goldstein EJC. Strain-specificity and disease-specificity of probiotic efficacy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Med (Lausanne). 2018;5:124. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00124.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Guo QQ, Zhang H, Li WY, Zhao DY, Liang MQ, Yan R, Zhu XJ, Shi YQ. Probiotics in the treatment of helicobacter pylori infection: A bibliometric analysis from 2001 to 2025. J Infect Public Health. 2026;19(4):103165. doi: 10.1016/ j.jiph.2026.103165.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Auclair-Ouellet N, Tremblay A, Kassem O, Caballero-Calero SE, Bronner S, Binda S. Probiotics as adjuvants to standard Helicobacter pylori treatment: Evidence for the use of Lacidofil®, an established blend of thoroughly characterized strains. Microorganisms. 2025;13(10):2223. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms13102223.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Collado MC, Vinderola G, Salminen S. Postbiotics: facts and open questions. A position paper on the need for a consensus definition. Benef Microbes. 2019;10(7):711–719. doi: 10.3920/BM2019.0015.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Eraghieh Farahani H, Pourhajibagher M, Asgharzadeh S, Bahador A. Postbiotics: Novel modulators of gut health, metabolism, and their mechanisms of action. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2025 Nov 10. doi: 10.1007/s12602-025-10832-8. Epub ahead of print.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Lalezadeh A, Fadaee M, Saedi S, Nezhadi J, Ozma MA, Ahmadi S, Mobaseri M, Kafil HS. A Critical review on the potential of inactivated bacteria in counteracting human pathogens. Curr Microbiol. 2025;82(7):295. doi: 10.1007/s00284-025-04282-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Holz C, Busjahn A, Mehling H, Arya S, Boettner M, Habibi H, Lang C. Significant reduction in Helicobacter pylori load in humans with non-viable Lactobacillus reuteri DSM17648: A pilot study. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2015;7(2):91–100. doi: 10.1007/s12602-014-9181-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Duar RM, Lin XB, Zheng J, Martino ME, Grenier T, Pérez-Muñoz ME, Leulier F, Gänzle M, Walter J. Lifestyles in transition: Evolution and natural history of the genus Lactobacillus. FEMS Microbiol Rev. 2017;41(Supp_1):S27–S48. doi: 10.1093/femsre/fux030.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Abuqwider J, Altamimi M, Mauriello G. Limosilactobacillus reuteri in health and disease. Microorganisms. 2022;10(3):522. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10030522.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Mehling H, Busjahn A. Non-viable Lactobacillus reuteri DSMZ 17648 (Pylopass™) as a new approach to Helicobacter pylori control in humans. Nutrients. 2013;5(8):3062–3073. doi: 10.3390/nu5083062.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>MacKenzie DA, Jeffers F, Parker ML, Vibert-Vallet A, Bongaerts RJ, Roos S, Walter J, Juge N. Strain-specific diversity of mucus-binding proteins in the adhesion and aggregation properties of Lactobacillus reuteri. Microbiology (Reading). 2010;156(Pt 11):3368–3378. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.043265-0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Etzold S, MacKenzie DA, Jeffers F, Walshaw J, Roos S, Hemmings AM, Juge N. Structural and molecular insights into novel surface-exposed mucus adhesins from Lactobacillus reuteri human strains. Mol Microbiol. 2014;92(3):543–556. doi: 10.1111/mmi.12574.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Wang S, Li L, Yu L, Tian F, Zhao J, Zhai Q, Chen W. Natural aggregation of Lactobacillus: Mechanisms and influencing factors. Food Biosci. 2024;62:105007. doi: 10.1016/j.fbio.2024.105007.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Hua Q, Hu J, Zhang X, He J, Wang P, Duan Z, Cui H, Yi H, Zhang L, Zhang Z. Postbiotics suppress Helicobacter pylori adhesion and survival through a coaggregation mechanism. J Agric Food Chem. 2025;73(35):21976–21986.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Ilver D, Arnqvist A, Ogren J, Frick IM, Kersulyte D, Incecik ET, Berg DE, Covacci A, Engstrand L, Borén T. Helicobacter pylori adhesin binding fucosylated histo-blood group antigens revealed by retagging. Science. 1998;279(5349):373–377. doi: 10.1126/science.279.5349.373.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Matos R, Amorim I, Magalhães A, Haesebrouck F, Gärtner F, Reis CA. Adhesion of Helicobacter species to the human gastric mucosa: A deep look into glycans role. Front Mol Biosci. 2021;8:656439. doi: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.656439.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Mukai T, Asasaka T, Sato E, Mori K, Matsumoto M, Ohori H. Inhibition of binding of Helicobacter pylori to the glycolipid receptors by probiotic Lactobacillus reuteri. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2002;32(2):105–110. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-695X.2002.tb00541.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Gänzle MG. Lactic metabolism revisited: Metabolism of lactic acid bacteria in food fermentations and food spoilage. Curr Opin Food Sci. 2015;2:106–117. doi: 10.1016/j.cofs.2015.03.001.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Muñoz-Tamayo R, Laroche B, Walter E, Doré J, Duncan SH, Flint HJ, Leclerc M. Kinetic modelling of lactate utilization and butyrate production by key human colonic bacterial species. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2011;76(3):615–624. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2011.01085.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Rezaee P, Kermanshahi RK, Falsafi T. Antibacterial activity of lactobacilli probiotics on clinical strains of Helicobacter pylori. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2019;22(10):1118–1124. doi: 10.22038/ijbms.2019.33321.7953.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Xia C, Chen Z, Chen Y, Wei F, Wu S, Zhou Q, Li P, Gu Q. Effects of Latilactobacillus sakei LZ217 on gastric mucosal colonization, metabolic interference, and urease expression in Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter. 2024;29(4):e13130. doi: 10.1111/hel.13130.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Schaefer L, Auchtung TA, Hermans KE, Whitehead D, Borhan B, Britton RA. The antimicrobial compound reuterin (3-hydroxypropionaldehyde) induces oxidative stress via interaction with thiol groups. Microbiology (Reading). 2010;156(Pt 6): 1589–1599. doi: 10.1099/mic.0.035642-0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Urrutia-Baca VH, Escamilla-García E, de la Garza-Ramos MA, Tamez-Guerra P, Gomez-Flores R, Urbina-Ríos CS. In vitro antimicrobial activity and downregulation of virulence gene expression on Helicobacter pylori by reuterin. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins. 2018;10(2):168–175. doi: 10.1007/s12602-017-9342-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Sun MC, Li DD, Chen YX, Fan XJ, Gao Y, Ye H, Zhang T, Zhao C. Insights into the mechanisms of reuterin against Staphylococcus aureus based on membrane damage and untargeted metabolomics. Foods. 2023;12(23):4208. doi: 10.3390/foods12234208.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Kšonžeková P, Bystrický P, Vlčková S, Pätoprstý V, Pulzová L, Mudroňová D, Kubašková T, Csank T, Tkáčiková Ľ. Exopolysaccharides of Lactobacillus reuteri: Their influence on adherence of E. coli to epithelial cells and inflammatory response. Carbohydr Polym. 2016;141:10–19. doi: 10.1016/ j.carbpol.2015.12.037.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Holécyová M, Pistl J, Nemcová R, Styková E, Maďar M, Fedor P, Prokesš M. Antiadhesive effects of exopolysaccharides isolated from Limosilactobacillus reuteri. J Microbiol Biotech Food Sci. 2025;15(1):e11574. doi: 10.55251/jmbfs.11574.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang J, Xiao Y, Wang H, Zhang H, Chen W, Lu W. Lactic acid bacteria-derived exopolysaccharide: Formation, immunomodulatory ability, health effects, and structure-function relationship. Microbiol Res. 2023;274:127432. doi: 10.1016/ j.micres.2023.127432.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Özçam M, Oh JH, Tocmo R, Acharya D, Zhang S, Astmann TJ, Heggen M, Ruiz-Ramírez S, Li F, Cheng CC, Vivas E, Rey FE, Claesen J, Bugni TS, Walter J, van Pijkeren JP. A secondary metabolite drives intraspecies antagonism in a gut symbiont that is inhibited by cell-wall acetylation. Cell Host Microbe. 2022;30(6):824–835.e6. doi: 10.1016/ j.chom.2022.03.033.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Pang Y, Ermann Lundberg L, Mata Forsberg M, Ahl D, Bysell H, Pallin A, Sverremark-Ekström E, Karlsson R, Jonsson H, Roos S. Extracellular membrane vesicles from Limosilactobacillus reuteri strengthen the intestinal epithelial integrity, modulate cytokine responses and antagonize activation of TRPV1. Front Microbiol. 2022;13:1032202. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1032202.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Chen Y, Huang X, Liu A, Fan S, Liu S, Li Z, Yang X, Guo H, Wu M, Liu M, Liu P, Fu F, Liu S, Xuan K. Lactobacillus reuteri vesicles regulate mitochondrial function of macrophages to promote mucosal and cutaneous wound healing. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024;11(24):e2309725. doi: 10.1002/advs.202309725.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bordin DS, Voynovan IN, Kolbasnikov SV. [Evidence base of Lactobacillus reuteri efficacy in the treatment of diseases associated with Helicobacter pylori]. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2016;(8):82–87. Russian.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бордин ДС, Войнован ИН, Колбасников СВ. Доказательная база эффективности Lactobacillus reuteri при лечении заболеваний, ассоциированных с Helicobacter pylori. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2016;(8):82–87.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Buckley M, Lacey S, Doolan A, Goodbody E, Seamans K. The effect of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation in Helicobacter pylori infection: A placebo-controlled, single-blind study. BMC Nutr. 2018;4:48. doi: 10.1186/s40795-018-0257-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Parth K, Prudhivi R, Palatheeya S, Abbas SK, Varsha K, Niharika BV, Lyngkhoi B. Efficacy of Lactobacillus reuteri supplementation in eradication of H. pylori: A comparison study with triple drug therapy. J Pharm Res Int. 2021;33(52B):151–159. doi: 10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i52B33611.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Ismail NI, Nawawi KNM, Hsin DCC, Hao KW, Mahmood NRKN, Chearn GLC, Wong Z, Tamil AM, Joseph H, Raja Ali RA. Probiotic containing Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17648 as an adjunct treatment for Helicobacter pylori infection: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Helicobacter. 2023;28(6):e13017. doi: 10.1111/hel.13017.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Parolova NI, Kornienko EA, Antonov PV, Egorova MB, Gorbunov EF, Dmitrienko MA. [Innovative approach to the treatment of H. pylori infection in children]. RMJ. 2015;22:1339–1340. Russian.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Паролова НИ, Корниенко ЕА, Антонов ПВ, Егорова МБ, Горбунов ЕФ, Дмитриенко МА. Инновационный подход в терапии инфекции Н. pylori у детей. РМЖ. 2015;22:1339–1340.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kornienko EA, Parolova NI, Ivanov SV, Polev DS, Zykin PA, Kondratenko YuD. [Possibilities of using probiotics in Helicobacter pylori eradication]. RMJ. Medical Review. 2018;7(II):51–58. Russian.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Корниенко ЕА, Паролова НИ, Иванов СВ, Полев ДС, Зыкин ПА, Кондратенко ЮД. Возможности использования пробиотиков в эрадикации Helicobacter pylori. РМЖ. Медицинское обозрение. 2018;7(II):51–58.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Merenstein D, Pot B, Leyer G, Ouwehand AC, Preidis GA, Elkins CA, Hill C, Lewis ZT, Shane AL, Zmora N, Petrova MI, Collado MC, Morelli L, Montoya GA, Szajewska H, Tancredi DJ, Sanders ME. Emerging issues in probiotic safety: 2023 perspectives. Gut Microbes. 2023;15(1):2185034. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2185034.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin VT, Alekseyeva OP, Baranovsky AYu, Baranskaya YeK, Beloborodova YeV, Kolesov TA, Korochanskaya NV, Lang K, Lapina TL, Mayev IV, Mokshina MV, Nepomnyashchy DL, Onuchina YeV, Sayfutdinov RG, Sviridova TH, Simanenkov VI, Tkachev AV, Trukhmanov AS, Faizova LP, Khlynov IB, Khlynova OB, Sheptulin AA. [The Role of Lactobacillus reuteri DSMZ17648 for Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy (Review of literature and advisory council resolution, February 28, 2018)]. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2018;28(3):33–38. Russian. doi: 10.22416/1382-4376-2018-28-3-33-38.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин ВТ, Алексеева ОП, Барановский АЮ, Баранская ЕК, Белобородова ЕВ, Колесова ТА, Корочанская НВ, Ланг К, Лапина ТЛ, Маев ИВ, Мокшина МВ, Непомнящих ДЛ, Онучина ЕВ, Сайфутдинов РГ, Свиридова ТН, Симаненков ВИ, Ткачев АВ, Трухманов АС, Фаизова ЛП, Хлынов ИБ, Хлынова ОВ, Шептулин АА. Значение Lactobacillus reuteri DSMZ17648 в эрадикационной терапии инфекции Helicobacter pylori (Обзор литературы и резолюция Экспертного совета, 28 февраля 2018 г.). Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2018;28(3):33–38. doi: 10.22416/1382-4376-2018-28-3-33-38.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Diaz-Tang G, Meneses EM, Patel K, Mirkin S, García-Diéguez L, Pajon C, Barraza I, Patel V, Ghali H, Tracey AP, Blanar CA, Lopatkin AJ, Smith RP. Growth productivity as a determinant of the inoculum effect for bactericidal antibiotics. Sci Adv. 2022;8(50):eadd0924. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.add0924.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang Y, Tu M, Long P, Zheng J, Du G, Xiao S, Gao C. Efficacy of probiotics pretreatment in Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical outcomes. Ann Med. 2025;57(1):2533431. doi: 10.1080/07853890.2025.2533431.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivashkin VT, Gorelov AV, Abdulganieva DI, Alekseeva OP, Alekseenko SA, Baranovsky AYu, Zakharova IN, Zolnikova OYu, Ivashkin KV, Ivashkina NYu, Korochanskaya NV, Mammaev SN, Nikolaeva SV, Poluektova EA, Trukhmanov AS, Usenko DV, Khlynov IB, Tsukanov VV, Shifrin OS, Berezhnaya IV, Lapina TL, Maslennikov RV, Sugian NG, Ulyanin AI. [Methodological guidelines of the Scientific Community for Human Microbiome Research (CHMR) and the Russian Gastroenterology Association (RGA) on the use of probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, metabiotics and functional foods enriched with them for the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases in adults and children]. Russian Journal of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Coloproctology. 2024;34(4):113–136. Russian. doi: 10.22416/1382-4376-2024-117-312.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивашкин ВТ, Горелов АВ, Абдулганиева ДИ, Алексеева ОП, Алексеенко СА, Барановский АЮ, Захарова ИН, Зольникова ОЮ, Ивашкин КВ, Ивашкина НЮ, Корочанская НВ, Маммаев СН, Николаева СВ, Полуэктова ЕА, Трухманов АС, Усенко ДВ, Хлынов ИБ, Цуканов ВВ, Шифрин ОС, Бережная ИВ, Лапина ТЛ, Масленников РВ, Сугян НГ, Ульянин АИ. Методические рекомендации Научного сообщества по содействию клиническому изучению микробиома человека (НСОИМ) и Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации (РГА) по применению пробиотиков, пребиотиков, синбиотиков, метабиотиков и обогащенных ими функциональных пищевых продуктов для лечения и профилактики заболеваний гастроэнтерологического профиля у взрослых и детей. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2024;34(4):113–136. doi: 10.22416/1382-4376-2024-117-312.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lazebnik LB, Dekhnich NN, Sitkin SI, Atrushevich VG, Avalueva EB, Bakulin IG, Bakulina NV, Baryshnikova NV, Belousova LN, Bordin DS, Veselov AV, Grinevich VB, Gurova MM, Eremina EYu, Ivanchik NV, Kozlov RS, Kozlova IV, Kornienko EA, Kravchuk YuA, Kupriyanova IN, Kucheryavy YuA, Levitan BN, Livzan MA, Luzina EV, Lyalyukova EA, Novikova VP, Ostroumova OD, Pilat TL, Sarsenbaeva AS, Sychev DA, Tryapyshko AA, Trukhan DI, Turkina SV, Uspensky YuP, Fedorchenko YuL, Fominykh YuA, Khavkin AI, Khlynova OV, Khomeriki SG, Khomeriki NM, Shevyakov MA. [Helicobacter pylori, helicobacteriosis and associated diseases (VIII Moscow Agreements on the diagnosis and treatment of helicobacteriosis in adults and children). A Clinical Guide for Physicians]. Experimental and Clinical Gastroenterology. 2024;(12):49–145. Russian. doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-232-12-49-145.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Лазебник ЛБ, Дехнич НН, Ситкин СИ, Атрушевич ВГ, Авалуева ЕБ, Бакулин ИГ, Бакулина НВ, Барышникова НВ, Белоусова ЛН, Бордин ДС, Веселов АВ, Гриневич ВБ, Гурова ММ, Еремина ЕЮ, Иванчик НВ, Козлов РС, Козлова ИВ, Корниенко ЕА, Кравчук ЮА, Куприянова ИН, Кучерявый ЮА, Левитан БН, Ливзан МА, Лузина ЕВ, Лялюкова ЕА, Новикова ВП, Остроумова ОД, Пилат ТЛ, Сарсенбаева АС, Сычев ДА, Тряпышко АА, Трухан ДИ, Туркина СВ, Успенский ЮП, Федорченко ЮЛ, Фоминых ЮА, Хавкин АИ, Хлынова ОВ, Хомерики СГ, Хомерики НМ, Шевяков МА. Helicobacter pylori, хеликобактериоз и ассоциированные заболевания (VIII Московские соглашения по диагностике и лечению хеликобактериоза у взрослых и детей). Руководство для врачей. Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология. 2024;(12):49–145. doi: 10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-232-12-49-145.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Nguyen CT, Davis KA, Nisly SA, Li J. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori in special patient populations. Pharmacotherapy. 2019;39(10):1012–1022. doi: 10.1002/phar.2318.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Feng Y, Huang Q, Luo M, Wei J, Gao T, Chu D, Jia A, Li Y, He S, Duan T. The association between Helicobacter pylori and gastrointestinal disorders during pregnancy: A multicenter retrospective study. Helicobacter. 2024;29(1):e13032. doi: 10.1111/hel.13032.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>Lustberg MB. Management of neutropenia in cancer patients. Clin Adv Hematol Oncol. 2012;10(12):825–826.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Yarahmadi A, Afkhami H. Potential relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and autoimmune disorders: A narrative review. Microb Pathog. 2025;205:107572. doi: 10.1016/j.micpath.2025.107572.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Pokrotnieks J, Sitkin S. Helicobacter pylori and inflammatory bowel disease: An unresolved enigma. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2023;29(3):e5–e6. doi: 10.1093/ibd/izac248.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Nei T, Hagiwara J, Takiguchi T, Yokobori S, Shiei K, Yokota H, Senoh M, Kato H. Fatal fulminant Clostridioides difficile colitis caused by Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy; A case report. J Infect Chemother. 2020;26(3):305–308. doi: 10.1016/ j.jiac.2019.10.021.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharenko SM. Toxin-producing Klebsiella oxytoca as a cause of antibiotic-associated colitis. Almanac of Clinical Medicine. 2018;46(5):497–503. Russian. doi: 10.18786/2072-0505-2018-46-5-497-503.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Захаренко СМ. Токсин-продуцирующие Klebsiella oxytoca как причина антибиотик-ассоциированного колита. Альманах клинической медицины. 2018;46(5):497–503. doi: 10.18786/2072-0505-2018-46-5-497-503.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>Abboud Y, Richter B, Malhotra R, Vossough-Teehan S. Treating Helicobacter pylori and recurrent Clostridioides difficile coinfection: A delicate balance in management and a need for guidelines. ACG Case Rep J. 2024;11(6):e01369. doi: 10.14309/crj.0000000000001369.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>Fan Y, Li C, Zhang W, Shi J, Liang R, Deng M, Liao S, Xiao X, Zhan K, Qiu L, Mei Z, Lv L. Fourteen-and ten-day tegoprazan-amoxicillin dual therapy vs. bismuth quadruple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication – A noninferiority, multicenter, randomized controlled trial. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2026;41(2):657–666. doi: 10.1111/jgh.70180.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>Yu J, Lv YM, Yang P, Jiang YZ, Qin XR, Wang XY. Safety and effectiveness of vonoprazan-based rescue therapy for Helicobacter pylori infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2023;29(20):3133–3144. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i20.3133.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation>Ouwehand AC, Forssten S, Hibberd AA, Lyra A, Stahl B. Probiotic approach to prevent antibiotic resistance. Ann Med. 2016;48(4):246–255. doi: 10.3109/07853890.2016.1161232.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><mixed-citation>Abdulkhakov S, Markelova M, Safina D, Siniagina M, Khusnutdinova D, Abdulkhakov R, Grigoryeva T. Butyric acid supplementation reduces changes in the taxonomic and functional composition of gut microbiota caused by H. pylori eradication therapy. Microorganisms. 2024;12(2):319. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms12020319.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><mixed-citation>Huang Y, Ding Y, Xu H, Shen C, Chen X, Li C. Effects of sodium butyrate supplementation on inflammation, gut microbiota, and short-chain fatty acids in Helicobacter pylori-infected mice. Helicobacter. 2021;26(2):e12785. doi: 10.1111/hel.12785.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><mixed-citation>Sall T, Sitkin S, Lazebnik L, Vakhitov T. Postbiotic metabolites as intestinal barrier protectors during Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy. Microb Health Dis. 2023;5:e857(155). doi: 10.26355/mhd_20239_857.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
