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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17417</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2025-53-007</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The ejection fraction and the cardiac index in the perioperative period of coronary artery bypass grafting: what is worth relying on?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Фракция выброса и сердечный индекс в периоперационном периоде коронарного шунтирования – на что стоит ориентироваться?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5138-3617</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Paromov</surname><given-names>Konstantin V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паромов</surname><given-names>Константин Валентинович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Anaesthetist &amp; Critical Care Specialist, Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation No. 2; Functional Diagnostics Doctor, Functional Diagnostics Department No. 3</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, врач анестезиолог-реаниматолог отделения анестезиологии-реанимации № 2, врач функциональной диагностики отделения функциональной диагностики № 3</p></bio><email>kp-82@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1476-3693</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">9966-9690</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Hussain</surname><given-names>Ayyaz</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хуссейн</surname><given-names>Айяз</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care; Anaesthetist &amp; Critical Care Specialist, Department of Anesthesiology and Resuscitation, Regional Vascular Center</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры анестезиологии и реаниматологии; врач анестезиолог-реаниматолог отделения анестезиологии-реанимации регионального сосудистого центра</p></bio><email>ayyaz@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3432-2951</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7065-7467</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Neledova</surname><given-names>Lyudmila A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Неледова</surname><given-names>Людмила Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Institute of Surgery2; Surgeon, 7th Surgical Department1</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, ассистент института хирургии; врач-хирург 7-го хирургического отделения</p></bio><email>neluda85@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4375-3374</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6813-2450</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kirov</surname><given-names>Mikhail Y.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Киров</surname><given-names>Михаил Юрьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Corr. Member of Russ. Acad. Sci., Head of Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care; Anaesthetist &amp; Critical Care Specialist, Intensive Care Unit</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН, зав. кафедрой анестезиологии и реаниматологии; врач анестезиолог-реаниматолог отделения реанимации и интенсивной терапии</p></bio><email>mikhail_kirov@hotmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">First City Clinical Hospital named after E.E. Volosevich</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ Архангельской области «Первая городская клиническая больница им. Е.Е. Волосевич»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Northern State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Северный государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-04-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-07-28" publication-format="electronic"><day>28</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>53</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>53</fpage><lpage>61</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-12"><day>12</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-04-01"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Paromov K.V., Hussain A., Neledova L.A., Kirov M.Y.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Паромов К.В., Хуссейн А., Неледова Л.А., Киров М.Ю.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Paromov K.V., Hussain A., Neledova L.A., Kirov M.Y.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Паромов К.В., Хуссейн А., Неледова Л.А., Киров М.Ю.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17417">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17417</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Rationale:</bold> Ejection fraction (EF) has been recognized as a key echocardiographic parameter describing the systolic function of the heart. Nevertheless, its accuracy for the assessment of the hemodynamic status in the perioperative period of cardiac surgery remains a debate.</p> <p><bold>Aim:</bold> To compare the EF values assessed by different techniques and to map those against the left ventricular systolic function parameters in the perioperative period of the off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG).</p> <p><bold>Methods:</bold> We performed a post hoc analysis of two consequential randomized studies. EF was assessed with echocardiography in 115 patients in the perioperative period of OPCABG and its changes over time at the following timepoints: before admission to the hospital (EF<sub>screening</sub>), on the day before surgery (EF<sub>simpson</sub>) (transthoracic approach), before sternotomy, at the end of the surgery (transesophageal echocardiography, TEE), as well as at the end of the first postoperative day (POD1) and before discharge from the hospital (transthoracic approach). Preoperatively and at the end of POD1, the EF values were compared with those of the global longitudinal strain (GLS) and with the EF measured automatically (EF<sub>auto</sub>, QLAB 10.0), as well as with hemodynamic parameters measured by thermodilution (TD), such as cardiac index (CI) and stroke volume index (SVI).</p> <p><bold>Results:</bold> There were no postoperative changes in the EF<sub>screening</sub> and EF<sub>simpson</sub> values. EF<sub>auto </sub>decreased from 48.4 ± 6.4 to 41.6 ± 7.3% (p &lt; 0.001), while EF<sub>tee</sub> increased from 49.7 [46.0; 57.0] to 53.0 [46.1; 58.1]% (p = 0.047) and was associated with a decrease in GLS from -14.6 ± 2.5 to -11.7 ± 2.6% (p &lt; 0.001). The bias in the measurement of EF<sub>simpson</sub> and EF<sub>auto</sub> assessed a day before surgery and on POD1 according to the Bland-Altman test was 29.3% and 34.0%. There was a correlation between GLS and EF<sub>auto</sub> preoperatively (rho = -0.791, p &lt; 0.001) and on the POD1 (rho = -0.723, p &lt; 0.001), while EF<sub>screening</sub> and EF<sub>simpson</sub> did not show such a correlation. There was no correlation of EF or GLS with CI, as well. The bias in the measurement of the SVI<sub>td</sub> and SVI<sub>echo</sub> values was 11% (rho = 0.301, p = 0.001).</p> <p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> The echocardiographic assessment of the EF in the perioperative period of OPCABG does not characterize the systolic function of the heart reliably and depends on the method of its measurement. These limitations of echocardiographic parameters require their critical evaluation, including a comparison with thermodilution variables.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.</bold> Фракция выброса (ФВ) признана ключевым эхокардиографическим параметром, описывающим систолическую функцию сердца. Тем не менее остается дискутабельным вопрос о том, насколько этот параметр точен в оценке гемодинамического статуса в периоперационном периоде кардиохирургических вмешательств.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> – сравнить значения ФВ, определенные разными способами при эхокардиографии, и сопоставить их с показателями, характеризующими систолическую функцию левого желудочка в периоперационном периоде аортокоронарного шунтирования (АКШ) на работающем сердце.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Проведен post-hoc анализ двух последовательно выполненных рандомизированных исследований. У 115 пациентов в периоперационном периоде АКШ на работающем сердце с помощью эхокардиографии оценили ФВ и сравнили ее динамику на этапах до поступления в стационар (ФВ<sub>скрининг</sub>) и накануне операции (ФВ<sub>симпсон</sub>) (трансторакальным доступом), до стернотомии и по завершении операции (чреспищеводным доступом (ЧПЭ)), а также в конце первых суток послеоперационного периода и перед выпиской из стационара (трансторакальным доступом). Накануне операции и в конце первых послеоперационных суток сравнили ФВ с показателями глобального продольного стрейна (GLS) и с ФВ, определенной автоматически (ФВ<sub>авто</sub>, QLAB 10.0), а также с параметрами гемодинамики, измеренными с помощью термодилюции (ТД), – сердечным индексом (СИ) и индексом ударного объема (ИУО).</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> В периоперационном периоде изменений ФВ<sub>скрининг</sub> и ФВ<sub>симпсон</sub> не отмечено, ФВ<sub>авто</sub> снизилась с 48,4 ± 6,4 до 41,6 ± 7,3% (р &lt; 0,001), а ФВ<sub>чпэ</sub> повысилась с 49,7 [46,0; 57,0] до 53,0 [46,1; 58,1]% (р = 0,047) на фоне снижения GLS с -14,6 ± 2,5 до -11,7 ± 2,6% (p &lt; 0,001). Ошибка в определении ФВ<sub>симпсон</sub> и ФВ<sub>авто</sub> по тесту Бланда – Альтмана составила 29,3 и 34,0% накануне операции и в конце первых послеоперационных суток. Выявлена связь GLS и ФВ<sub>авто</sub> накануне операции (rho = -0,791; p &lt; 0,001) и в конце первых суток послеоперационного периода (rho = -0,723; p &lt; 0,001); для ФВ<sub>скрининг</sub> и ФВ<sub>симпсон</sub> такой связи не установлено. Связи ФВ или GLS с СИ также не обнаружено. Ошибка в определении ИУО<sub>тд</sub> и ИУО<sub>эхо</sub> составила 11% (rho = 0,301; p = 0,001).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Эхокардиографическая оценка ФВ в периоперационном периоде АКШ на работающем сердце недостоверно характеризует систолическую функцию сердца и его производительность, а также зависит от методики определения. Эти ограничения эхокардиографических параметров указывают на необходимость их критической оценки, в том числе сравнения с термодилюционными показателями.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>echocardiography</kwd><kwd>hemodynamic monitoring</kwd><kwd>stroke volume</kwd><kwd>ejection fraction</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>эхокардиография</kwd><kwd>гемодинамический мониторинг</kwd><kwd>ударный объем</kwd><kwd>фракция выброса</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Vancheri F, Longo G, Henein MY. Left ventricular ejection fraction: Clinical, pathophysiological, and technical limitations. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2024;11:1340708. doi: 10.3389/fcvm.2024.1340708.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Liang M, Bian B, Yang Q. 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