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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17395</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2025-53-005</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Calculation formulas for low density lipoprotein cholesterol in cardiological practice: the more, the better?</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Расчетные формулы холестерина липопротеинов низкой плотности в кардиологической практике: чем больше формул, тем лучше?</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6022-5709</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sadovnikov</surname><given-names>Pavel S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Садовников</surname><given-names>Павел Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Assistant, Laboratory of Microangiopathic Mechanisms of Atherogenesis, Medical Institute</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь лаборатории микроангиопатических механизмов атерогенеза медицинского института</p></bio><email>sadovnikovps@gmail.com</email><uri>https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pavel-Sadovnikov</uri><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6815-444X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gurevich</surname><given-names>Victor S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гуревич</surname><given-names>Виктор Савельевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of the Atherosclerosis Department, Medical Institute; Professor, Department of Hospital Therapy and Cardiology; Head of the Center for Atherosclerosis and Lipid Metabolism Disorders</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, зав. отделом атеросклероза медицинского института; профессор кафедры госпитальной терапии и кардиологии; руководитель центра атеросклероза и нарушений липидного обмена</p></bio><email>atermed122@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saint Petersburg State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Western District Research and Clinical Centre of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency named after L.G. Sokolov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Северо-Западный окружной научно-клинический центр имени Л.Г. Соколова ФМБА России»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-03-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>53</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>43</fpage><lpage>52</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-12-25"><day>25</day><month>12</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-04"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Sadovnikov P.S., Gurevich V.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Садовников П.С., Гуревич В.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Sadovnikov P.S., Gurevich V.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Садовников П.С., Гуревич В.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17395">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17395</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Monitoring of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels is a key element of anti-atherogenic therapy in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, especially those at high and very high risk. The target LDL-C levels (&lt; 1.8 mmol/L for high risk and &lt; 1.4 mmol/L for very high risk) are important indicators for quality of medical care. Traditionally, the Friedewald formula has been used to estimate LDL-C, but its accuracy is limited when triglyceride (TG) levels exceed 4.5 mmol/L. This article reviews current approaches to optimization of the LDL-C calculation formulas, their applicability in clinical practice, and regional variations.</p> <p>The Friedewald formula, proposed in 1972, has long been the primary method for LDL-C estimation. However, its limitations, particularly at high TG levels, have led to the development of alternative formulas, such as the Martin method and the Sampson formula. The Martin method, based on the analysis of over 1.35 million lipid profiles, suggests the use of correction factors depending on TG levels. The Sampson formula, which accounts for complex metabolic processes, demonstrates high accuracy, especially at TG levels &lt; 4.5 mmol/L.</p> <p>There are regional variations in lipid levels associated with climatic, cultural, and genetic factors. For example, in South Korea, a formula tailored to the local population has been proposed, showing higher accuracy compared to the Friedewald formula. In the Russian Federation, a formula based on the analysis of 750,000 lipid profiles has been developed, demonstrating high accuracy across a wide range of TG levels (0.1–30 mmol/L). These studies highlight the need to adapt calculation methods to local populations.</p> <p>In clinical practice, the choice of LDL-C calculation method depends on the study objectives and clinical characteristics of the disease. The American Heart Association (AHA) recommends the Martin method, while the National Institute of Health (NIH) favors the Sampson formula. In Russia, the Friedewald formula is still used, although its accuracy is questioned. In multicenter studies of lipid-lowering drugs, newer formulas are preferred, such as the NIH formula, which has shown high accuracy at low LDL-C levels.</p> <p>The need for accurate LDL-C determination to assess the cardiovascular risk and monitor the treatment efficacy drives the development of new calculation methods. The Friedewald formula, despite its widespread use, is less accurate than modern methods, especially at high TG levels. Optimization of the formulas to account for regional population characteristics seems an important step toward improvement of the quality of diagnosis and treatment of atherosclerotic diseases.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Контроль уровня холестерина липопротеинов низкой плотности (ХС-ЛНП) – ключевой элемент антиатерогенной терапии у пациентов с атеросклеротическими сердечно-сосудистыми заболеваниями, особенно у лиц высокого и очень высокого риска. Целевые уровни ХС-ЛНП (≤ 1,8 ммоль/л для высокого риска и ≤ 1,4 ммоль/л для очень высокого риска) служат важным показателем качества медицинской помощи. Традиционно для определения ХС-ЛНП используют формулу Friedewald, однако ее точность ограничена при уровне триглицеридов (ТГ) выше 4,5 ммоль/л.</p> <p>В статье рассмотрены современные подходы к оптимизации расчетных формул ХС-ЛНП, их применимость в клинической практике и региональные особенности.</p> <p>Формула Friedewald, предложенная в 1972 г., долгое время оставалась главным методом расчета ХС-ЛНП. Однако ее ограничения, особенно при высоких уровнях ТГ, привели к разработке альтернативных формул, таких как метод Martin и формула Sampson. Метод Martin, основанный на анализе более 1,35 млн липидограмм, предлагает использование поправочных коэффициентов в зависимости от уровня ТГ. Формула Sampson, учитывающая комплексные метаболические процессы, демонстрирует высокую точность, особенно при уровнях ТГ &lt; 4,5 ммоль/л.</p> <p>Имеются региональные различия в уровнях липидов, обусловленные климатическими, культурными и генетическими факторами. В Южной Корее, например, предложена формула, учитывающая особенности местной популяции, которая показала более высокую точность по сравнению с формулой Friedewald. В Российской Федерации разработана формула, основанная на анализе 750 000 липидограмм, которая демонстрирует высокую точность при широком диапазоне уровней ТГ (0,1–30 ммоль/л). Эти исследования подчеркивают необходимость адаптации расчетных методов к локальным популяциям.</p> <p>В клинической практике выбор метода расчета ХС-ЛНП зависит от целей исследования и клинических особенностей заболевания. Американская ассоциация сердца (AHA) рекомендует метод Martin, тогда как Национальный институт здоровья США (NIH) предпочитает формулу Sampson. В Российской Федерации по-прежнему используется формула Friedewald, хотя ее точность подвергается сомнению. В многоцентровых исследованиях гиполипидемических препаратов предпочтение отдается новым формулам, таким как формула NIH, которая показала высокую точность при низких уровнях ХС-ЛНП.</p> <p>Необходимость точного определения ХС-ЛНП для оценки сердечно-сосудистого риска и контроля эффективности терапии стимулирует развитие новых расчетных методов. Формула Friedewald, несмотря на ее широкое использование, уступает по точности современным методам, особенно при высоких уровнях ТГ. Оптимизация расчетных формул с учетом региональных особенностей популяции представляется важным шагом к повышению качества диагностики и лечения атеросклеротических заболеваний.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Friedewald formula</kwd><kwd>calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol</kwd><kwd>low-density lipoprotein cholesterol</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd><kwd>risk factors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>формула Friedewald</kwd><kwd>расчетный холестерин липопротеинов низкой плотности</kwd><kwd>холестерин липопротеинов низкой плотности</kwd><kwd>сердечно-сосудистые заболевания</kwd><kwd>факторы риска</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство РФ</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of RF</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>075-15-2022-1110</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Maher V, Gallagher J, Agar R, Griffin D, Colwell N, O'Connor P, McAdam B, Tomkin G, Owens D, Ryan M, Tormey W, Durkan M. 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