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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17261</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2024-52-012</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">NLRP3 inflammasomes as a target for hesperidin and diosmin flavonoids in varicose vein disease and its complications</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>NLRP3-инфламмасомы как мишень действия флавоноидов гесперидина и диосмина при варикозной болезни вен и ее осложнениях</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3559-9071</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7006961284</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Astashkin</surname><given-names>Evgenii I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асташкин</surname><given-names>Евгений Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biol. Sci., Professor, Chair of General Pathology and Pathophysiology; Professor, Chair of Cardiology, Postgraduate Training Faculty</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор, профессор кафедры общей патологии и патофизиологии Академического образовательного центра фундаментальной и трансляционной медицины; профессор кафедры кардиологии факультета усовершенствования врачей</p></bio><email>ast-med@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0995-1924</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">7004732674</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Glezer</surname><given-names>Maria G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глезер</surname><given-names>Мария Генриховна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Head of Chair of Cardiology, Postgraduate Training Faculty</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, зав. кафедрой кардиологии факультета усовершенствования врачей</p></bio><email>287ast@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ МО «Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-06-17" publication-format="electronic"><day>17</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-08-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>52</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>95</fpage><lpage>103</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-05-03"><day>03</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-05-13"><day>13</day><month>05</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Astashkin E.I., Glezer M.G.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Асташкин Е.И., Глезер М.Г.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Astashkin E.I., Glezer M.G.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Асташкин Е.И., Глезер М.Г.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17261">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17261</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Varicose vein disease of the lower extremities is an inflammatory disorder with abnormal structure and functional activity of the venous valves, venous walls and cells, as well as with abnormal activity of the infiltrating leukocytes. The abnormally changed varicose vein are characterized by increased venous pressure, blood accumulation and congestion, ischemia, and metabolic and energy turnover derangement, which result in clinical manifestations of complications, such as pain, edema and formation of trophic ulcers. For many years, flavonoids have been used to treat varicose veins. The most effective flavonoids used in varicose vein disease and its complications, are hesperidin and diosmin, as well as their combinations.</p> <p>The review sets forth the state-of-the-art knowledge on the universal inflammatory processes playing a leading role in the pathophysiology of many cardiovascular disorders, including venous ones.</p> <p>In the recent years, it has been found that one of the main causes of inflammation is the formation of intracellular protein complexes (inflammasomes), which both produce a set of proinflammatory cytokines and are responsible for their excretion from the cells. In addition, inflammasomes control the development of regulated necrosis (pyroptosis) that takes part in the process of ulceration. The inflammasome activity can be modified by various mechanisms, of which the gene independent synthesis of the inflammasomal proteins has been recognized as the leading one. It has been shown that flavonoids inhibit the activation of a key factor NF-kappa B and suppress the synthesis of proteins, including NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome components, decrease the expression of NLRP3 receptor, protein ASC and caspase 1, as well as diminish interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha expression. Thus, this is the explanation of positive effects observed with the use of hesperidin, diosmin and their combination in clinical practice.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Варикозная болезнь нижних конечностей – воспалительное заболевание с нарушением структуры и функциональной активности клапанов вен, венозных стенок и клеток, а также с неадекватной активностью инфильтрированных лейкоцитов. В видоизмененных варикозных венах наблюдается увеличение венозного давления, накопление и застой крови, ишемия, нарушение метаболизма и энергетического обмена, что находит свое отражение в клинических проявлениях – боли, отеках, и в осложнениях – формировании трофических язв. В течение многих лет для лечения варикозной болезни вен и ее осложнений используют флавоноиды. Из них наиболее эффективны гесперидин и диосмин, а также их комбинации.</p> <p>В обзоре излагаются современные представления об универсальности воспалительных процессов, играющих основную роль в формировании многих сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, в том числе венозной патологии. В последние годы установлено, что одна из ведущих причин возникновения воспаления – формирование внутриклеточных белковых комплексов – инфламмасом, которые не только инициируют процессы образования провоспалительных цитокинов, но также ответственны за их секрецию из клеток. Помимо этого, инфламмасомы контролируют развитие регулируемого некроза – пироптоза, участвующего в процессе язвообразования. Активность инфламмасом может быть изменена с помощью различных механизмов, среди которых центральным признан синтез белков инфламмасом. Показано, что флавоноиды ингибируют активацию ключевого транскрипционного фактора NF-κB, что подавляет синтез белков, включая компоненты NLRP3-инфламмасом; уменьшают экспрессию NLRP3-рецептора, белка ASC, фермента каспазы-1, интерлейкинов IL-1β, IL-6 и фактор некроза опухоли α. Таким образом, получены объяснения положительных эффектов, наблюдаемых при использовании гесперидина, диосмина и их комбинации в клинической практике.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>varicose veins</kwd><kwd>hesperidin</kwd><kwd>diosmin</kwd><kwd>NLRP3 inflammasomes</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>pyroptosis</kwd><kwd>ulcer</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>варикозные вены</kwd><kwd>гесперидин и диосмин</kwd><kwd>инфламмасомы NLRP3</kwd><kwd>регуляция воспаления</kwd><kwd>пироптоз</kwd><kwd>язвообразование</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Davies AH. 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