<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17247</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2024-52-014</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Dynamic contrast enhancement and wall enhancement index for the quantitative assessment of vascular wall abnormalities in intracranial atherosclerosis: a pilot study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Динамическое контрастное усиление и индекс контрастного усиления в количественной оценке изменений сосудистой стенки при интракраниальном атеросклерозе (пилотное исследование)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7554-9052</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Dreval</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Древаль</surname><given-names>Марина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Research Fellow, Radiologist, Department of Radiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник, врач-рентгенолог отдела лучевой диагностики </p></bio><email>dreval-marina83@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8960-721X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mazur</surname><given-names>Andrey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мазур</surname><given-names>Андрей Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Neurologist, Postgraduate Student, 1<sup>st</sup> Neurological Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант, врач-невролог 1-го неврологического отделения</p></bio><email>A1699466@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-8240-0829</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Aslanova</surname><given-names>Giunel Kh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Асланова</surname><given-names>Гюнель Ханага Кызы</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory Assistant Researcher, Department of Radiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь отдела лучевой диагностики</p></bio><email>guneyaslanova@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7660-6215</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Poyda</surname><given-names>Alexey А.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пойда</surname><given-names>Алексей Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (in Phys.-Math.), Leading Researcher, Laboratory of Artificial Intelligence Technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.-мат. наук, вед. науч. сотр. лаборатории технологий искусственного интеллекта</p></bio><email>poyda@wdcb.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4840-4499</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Orlov</surname><given-names>Vyacheslav A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орлов</surname><given-names>Вячеслав Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (in Phys.-Math.), Senior Researcher, Laboratory of Cognitive Brain Function Neurovisualisation</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. физ.-мат. наук, ст. науч. сотр. лаборатории нейровизуализации когнитивных функций</p></bio><email>ptica89@bk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0181-3391</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kartashov</surname><given-names>Sergey I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Карташов</surname><given-names>Сергей Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Fellow, Kurchatov's Complex of NBICS-technologies</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>науч. сотр. Курчатовского комплекса НБИКС-природоподобных технологий</p></bio><email>ser0jka@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3820-4554</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Krotenkova</surname><given-names>Marina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кротенкова</surname><given-names>Марина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of Department of Radiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, руководитель отдела лучевой диагностики</p></bio><email>krotenkova_mrt@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5883-8119</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tanashyan</surname><given-names>Marine M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Танашян</surname><given-names>Маринэ Мовсесовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Corr. Member of Russ. Acad. Sci., Deputy Director for Research, Head of the 1<sup>st</sup> Neurological Department</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН, заместитель директора по научной работе, руководитель 1-го неврологического отделения</p></bio><email>mtanashyan@neurology.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Research Center of Neurology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научный центр неврологии»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Research Centre “Kurchatov Institute”</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный исследовательский центр «Курчатовский институт»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-08-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>52</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>85</fpage><lpage>94</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-04-01"><day>01</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-06-17"><day>17</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Dreval M.V., Mazur A.S., Aslanova G.K., Poyda A.А., Orlov V.A., Kartashov S.I., Krotenkova M.V., Tanashyan M.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Древаль М.В., Мазур А.С., Асланова Г.Х., Пойда А.А., Орлов В.А., Карташов С.И., Кротенкова М.В., Танашян М.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Dreval M.V., Mazur A.S., Aslanova G.K., Poyda A.А., Orlov V.A., Kartashov S.I., Krotenkova M.V., Tanashyan M.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Древаль М.В., Мазур А.С., Асланова Г.Х., Пойда А.А., Орлов В.А., Карташов С.И., Кротенкова М.В., Танашян М.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17247">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17247</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background:</bold> Breakthrough neurotechnologies have allowed for new understanding of some brain disorders; however, identification and differential diagnosis of intracranial stenotic and occlusive lesions remains challenging. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) is a tool that could be used for the quantitative assessment of endothelial permeability and microvascular volume in atherosclerotic plaques (AP).</p> <p><bold>Aim:</bold> To assess quantitative parameters of vascular wall abnormalities in AP area and in obviously unchanged wall of intracranial arteries with MRI DCE and high spatial resolution Т1-weighed images before and after contrast injection, with calculation of the wall enhancement index (WEI) by mathematical modelling.</p> <p><bold>Methods:</bold> This was a pilot cross-sectional uncontrolled study with consecutive recruitment of 29 patients with atherosclerotic abnormalities of brachiocephalic arteries, including intracranial. The patients’ median age was 66 [57; 72] years; they were mostly men (75.9%, n = 22). For the assessment of any brain abnormalities, MRI (magnetic induction 3 Tesla, Magnetom Prisma, Siemens) was performed in patients with standard sequence (Т2, T2-FLAIR), as well as MRI DCE for the assessment of intracranial arteries, before and after intravenous contrast injection, with high spatial resolution T1-weighed imaging and suppression of the signal from bloodstream and fat, with the calculation of WEI.</p> <p><bold>Results:</bold> There were significant differences in WEI in AP and in unchanged wall (0.962 [0.686; 1.387] vs. 0.111 [0.014; 0.206], p &lt; 0.001). No significant differences were found between WEI values in internal carotid arteries APs (0.722 [0.573; 1.580]), middle cerebral arteries (0.921 [0.725; 1.183]), and basilar artery (1.343 [1.002; 1.419]) (p = 0.381). We also found significant difference (p = 0.034) in the extravascular extracellular fraction volumes v<sub>e</sub> (Tofts) in AP located in the basilar artery (0.171 [0.146; 0.325]), internal carotid arteries (0.579 [0.358; 1.000]), and middle cerebral arteries (0.134 [0.101; 0.269]).</p> <p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> This is the first description of quantitative parameters characterizing vascular wall abnormalities in intracranial atherosclerosis. Despite its obviously intact state, vascular walls outside the intracranial AP was shown to be abnormal as well.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование.</bold> Прорывные нейротехнологии позволили по-новому взглянуть на ряд заболеваний головного мозга, однако выявление и дифференциальная диагностика интракраниальных стеноокклюзирующих процессов остаются трудоемкой задачей. Магнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ) с динамическим контрастным усилением (ДКУ) – метод, который может быть использован для количественной оценки проницаемости эндотелия и объема микрососудов в атеросклеротических бляшках (АСБ).</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> – оценить количественные параметры изменений сосудистой стенки в области АСБ и во внешне неизмененной стенке интракраниальных артерий по данным МРТ-ДКУ и на Т1-взвешенных изображениях с высоким пространственным разрешением до и после введения контрастного средства, с расчетом индекса усиления контрастности стенки (WEI) при помощи методов математического моделирования.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Проведено пилотное одномоментное сплошное неконтролируемое исследование, в рамках которого обследованы 29 пациентов с атеросклеротическими изменениями брахиоцефальных артерий, включая интракраниальный уровень. Медиана возраста составила 66 [57; 72] лет; преобладали мужчины (75,9%, n = 22). Всем пациентам проводили исследование на МР-томографе с величиной магнитной индукции 3 Тесла (Magnetom Prisma, Siemens) в стандартных последовательностях (Т2, T2-FLAIR) для оценки изменений вещества головного мозга, а также МРТ-ДКУ интракраниальных артерий – до и после внутривенного введения контрастного средства – с Т1-взвешенными МР-изображениями с высоким пространственным разрешением, с подавлением сигнала от движущейся крови и жира, с расчетом WEI.</p> <p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Выявлены значимые различия между WEI в АСБ и в неизмененной стенке (0,962 [0,686; 1,387] против 0,111 [0,014; 0,206], p &lt; 0,001). Значения WEI в АСБ, локализованных во внутренних сонных артериях (0,722 [0,573; 1,580]), средних мозговых артериях (0,921 [0,725; 1,183]) и базилярной артерии (1,343 [1,002; 1,419]), не имели статистически значимых различий (p = 0,381). Установлены значимые различия (p = 0,034) в объеме фракции внесосудистого внеклеточного пространства v<sub>e</sub> (Tofts) в АСБ при поражении базилярной артерии (0,171 [0,146; 0,325]), внутренних сонных артерий (0,579 [0,358; 1,000]) и средних мозговых артерий (0,134 [0,101; 0,269]).</p> <p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Впервые описаны количественные параметры, отражающие изменения сосудистой стенки при интракраниальном атеросклерозе. Показано, что, несмотря на внешне интактное состояние, сосудистая стенка вне интракраниальной АСБ также изменена.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>intracranial atherosclerosis</kwd><kwd>atherosclerotic plaque (AP)</kwd><kwd>vascular wall</kwd><kwd>vascular imaging</kwd><kwd>MRI with dynamic contrast enhancement (MRI DCE)</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>интракраниальный атеросклероз</kwd><kwd>атеросклеротическая бляшка (АСБ)</kwd><kwd>сосудистая стенка</kwd><kwd>визуализация сосудов</kwd><kwd>МРТ с динамическим контрастированием (МРТ-ДКУ)</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Правительство Российской Федерации</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">Government of Russian Federation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>122041300193-8</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ruparelia N, Chai JT, Fisher EA, Choudhury RP. Inflammatory processes in cardiovascular disease: a route to targeted therapies. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017;14(3):133–144. doi: 10.1038/nrcardio.2016.185.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Shimonaga K, Matsushige T, Ishii D, Sakamoto S, Hosogai M, Kawasumi T, Kaneko M, Ono C, Kurisu K. Clinicopathological insights from Vessel Wall Imaging of unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Stroke. 2018;49(10):2516–2519. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.021819.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Hudson JS, Zanaty M, Nakagawa D, Kung DK, Jabbour P, Samaniego EA, Hasan D. Magnetic resonance Vessel Wall Imaging in human intracranial aneurysms. Stroke. 2019;50(1):e1. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.023701.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Young CC, Bonow RH, Barros G, Mossa-Basha M, Kim LJ, Levitt MR. Magnetic resonance Vessel Wall Imaging in cerebrovascular diseases. Neurosurg Focus. 2019;47(6):E4. doi: 10.3171/2019.9.FOCUS19599.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Han C, Li ML, Xu YY, Ye T, Xie CF, Gao Sh, Duan L, Xu WH. Adult moyamoya-atherosclerosis syndrome: Clinical and Vessel Wall Imaging features. J Neurol Sci. 2016;369:181–184. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2016.08.020.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Hashimoto Y, Matsushige T, Shimonaga K, Hosogai M, Kaneko M, Ono C, Mizoue T. Vessel wall imaging predicts the presence of atherosclerotic lesions in unruptured intracranial aneurysms. World Neurosurg. 2019;132:e775–e782. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2019.08.019.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Kern KC, Liebeskind DS. Vessel Wall Imaging of cerebrovascular disorders. Curr Treat Options Cardiovasc Med. 2019;21(11):65. doi: 10.1007/s11936-019-0782-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Wang X, Zhu C, Leng Y, Degnan AJ, Lu J. Intracranial aneurysm wall enhancement associated with aneurysm rupture: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Acad Radiol. 2019;26(5):664–673. doi: 10.1016/ j.acra.2018.05.005.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Edjlali M, Guedon A, Ben Hassen W, Boulouis G, Benzakoun J, Rodriguez-Regent C, Trystram D, Nataf F, Meder JF, Turski P, Oppenheim C, Naggara O. Circumferential thick enhancement at Vessel Wall MRI has high specificity for intracranial aneurysm instability. Radiology. 2018;289(1):181–187. doi: 10.1148/radiol.2018172879.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Vergouwen MDI, Backes D, van der Schaaf IC, Hendrikse J, Kleinloog R, Algra A, Rinkel GJE. Gadolinium enhancement of the aneurysm wall in unruptured intracranial aneurysms is associated with an increased risk of aneurysm instability: A follow-up study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2019;40(7):1112–1116. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A6105.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Matsushige T, Shimonaga K, Ishii D, Sakamoto S, Hosogai M, Hashimoto Y, Kaneko M, Ono C, Mizoue T, Kurisu K. Vessel Wall Imaging of evolving unruptured intracranial aneurysms. Stroke. 2019;50(7):1891–1894. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025245.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Omodaka S, Endo H, Niizuma K, Fujimura M, Inoue T, Sato K, Sugiyama SI, Tominaga T. Quantitative assessment of circumferential enhancement along the wall of cerebral aneurysms using MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2016;37(7):1262–1266. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4722.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Alexander MD, de Havenon A, Kim SE, Parker DL, McNally JS. Assessment of quantitative methods for enhancement measurement on vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of intracranial atherosclerosis. Neuroradiology. 2019;61(6):643–650. doi: 10.1007/s00234-019-02167-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Song X, Zhao X, Liebeskind DS, Wang L, Xu W, Xu Y, Hou D, Zheng Z, Wu J. Incremental value of plaque enhancement in predicting stroke recurrence in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerosis. Neuroradiology 2020;62(9):1123–1131. doi: 10.1007/s00234-020-02418-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Ran Y, Wang Y, Zhu M, Wu X, Malhotra A, Lei X, Zhang F, Wang X, Xie S, Zhou J, Zhu J, Cheng J, Zhu C. Higher plaque burden of middle cerebral artery is associated with recurrent ischemic stroke: A quantitative magnetic resonance imaging study. Stroke. 2020;51(2):659–662. doi: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.028405.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Kim JM, Jung KH, Sohn CH, Moon J, Shin JH, Park J, Lee SH, Han MH, Roh JK. Intracranial plaque enhancement from high resolution vessel wall magnetic resonance imaging predicts stroke recurrence. Int J Stroke. 2016;11(2):171–179. doi: 10.1177/1747493015609775.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Wu G, Wang H, Zhao C, Cao C, Chai C, Huang L, Guo Y, Gong Z, Tirschwell DL, Zhu C, Xia C. Large culprit plaque and more intracranial plaques are associated with recurrent stroke: A case-control study using Vessel Wall Imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2022;43(2):207–215. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A7402.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>van Hoof RHM, Heeneman S, Wildberger JE, Kooi ME. Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI to study atherosclerotic plaque microvasculature. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2016;18(6):33. doi: 10.1007/s11883-016-0583-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Tofts PS, Brix G, Buckley DL, Evelhoch JL, Henderson E, Knopp MV, Larsson HB, Lee TY, Mayr NA, Parker GJ, Port RE, Taylor J, Weisskoff RM. Estimating kinetic parameters from Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced T(1)-weighted MRI of a diffusable tracer: standardized quantities and symbols. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1999;10(3):223–232. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1522-2586(199909)10:3&lt;223::aid-jmri2&gt;3.0.co;2-s.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Kerwin W, Hooker A, Spilker M, Vicini P, Ferguson M, Hatsukami T, Yuan C. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging analysis of neovasculature volume in carotid atherosclerotic plaque. Circulation. 2003;107(6):851–856. doi: 10.1161/01.cir.0000048145.52309.31.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Gaens ME, Backes WH, Rozel S, Lipperts M, Sanders SN, Jaspers K, Cleutjens JP, Sluimer JC, Heeneman S, Daemen MJ, Welten RJ, Daemen JW, Wildberger JE, Kwee RM, Kooi ME. Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR imaging of carotid atherosclerotic plaque: model selection, reproducibility, and validation. Radiology. 2013;266(1):271–279. doi: 10.1148/radiol.12120499.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Espinosa-Heidmann DG, Reinoso MA, Pina Y, Csaky KG, Caicedo A, Cousins SW. Quantitative enumeration of vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells derived from bone marrow precursors in experimental choroidal neovascularization. Exp Eye Res. 2005;80(3):369–378. doi: 10.1016/j.exer.2004.10.005.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Kerwin WS, Oikawa M, Yuan C, Jarvik GP, Hatsukami TS. MR imaging of adventitial vasa vasorum in carotid atherosclerosis. Magn Reson Med. 2008;59(3):507–514. doi: 10.1002/mrm.21532.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Dong L, Kerwin WS, Chen H, Chu B, Underhill HR, Neradilek MB, Hatsukami TS, Yuan C, Zhao XQ. Carotid artery atherosclerosis: effect of intensive lipid therapy on the vasa vasorum – evaluation by using Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 2011;260(1):224–231. doi: 10.1148/radiol.11101264.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Chen XY, Wong KS, Lam WWM, Zhao HL, Ng HK. Middle cerebral artery atherosclerosis: histological comparison between plaques associated with and not associated with infarct in a postmortem study. Cerebrovasc Dis. 2008;25(1–2):74–80. doi: 10.1159/000111525.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Vakil P, Ansari SA, Cantrell CG, Eddleman CS, Dehkordi FH, Vranic J, Hurley MC, Batjer HH, Bendok BR, Carroll TJ. Quantifying Intracranial aneurysm wall permeability for risk assessment using Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI: A pilot study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015;36(5):953–959. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A4225.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Pantoni L, Basile AM, Pracucci G, Asplund K, Bogousslavsky J, Chabriat H, Erkinjuntti T, Fazekas F, Ferro JM, Hennerici M, O’brien J, Scheltens P, Visser MC, Wahlund LO, Waldemar G, Wallin A, Inzitari D. Impact of age-related cerebral white matter changes on the transition to disability – the LADIS study: rationale, design and methodology. Neuroepidemiology. 2005;24(1–2):51–62. doi: 10.1159/000081050.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Portanova A, Hakakian N, Mikulis DJ, Virmani R, Abdalla WMA , Wasserman BA. Intracranial vasa vasorum: insights and implications for imaging radiology. 2013;267(3):667–679. doi: 10.1148/radiol.13112310.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Vakil P, Elmokadem AH, Syed FH, Cantrell CG, Dehkordi FH, Carroll TJ, Ansari SA. Quantifying intracranial plaque permeability with Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI: A pilot study. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2017;38(2):243–249. doi: 10.3174/ajnr. A4998.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Qi H, Liu X, Liu P, Yuan W, Liu A, Jiang Y, Li Y, Sun J, Chen H. Complementary roles of Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MR imaging and postcontrast Vessel Wall Imaging in detecting high-risk intracranial aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2019;40(3):490–496. doi: 10.3174/ajnr.A5983.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Semin KS, Pronin IN, Eliava ShSh, Konovalov AN, Batalov AI, Zakharova NE. [Modern neuroradiological diagnostic methods for intracranial arterial aneurysms: A review]. Medical Visualization. 2023;27(1):11–18. Russian. doi: 10.24835/1607-0763-1283.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Семин КС, Пронин ИН, Элиава ШШ, Коновалов АН, Баталов АИ, Захарова НЕ. Современные нейрорентгенологические методы диагностики внутричерепных артериальных аневризм: обзор литературы. Медицинская визуализация 2023;27(1):11–18. doi: 10.24835/1607-0763-1283.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list></back></article>
