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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17227</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2024-52-005</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The content of soluble forms of galectins -1, -3, -4, -7, -9 in patients with renal cell cancer of various morphological types</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Содержание растворимых форм галектинов -1, -3, -4, -7, -9 у больных почечно-клеточным раком различных морфологических типов</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3898-4127</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kushlinskii</surname><given-names>Nikolay E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кушлинский</surname><given-names>Николай Евгеньевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Member of Russ. Acad. Sci., Scientific Director of Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Consultative and Diagnostic Center; Head of Chair of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Additional Professional Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, научный руководитель клинико-диагностической лаборатории консультативно-диагностического центра, заведующий кафедрой клинической биохимии и лабораторной диагностики факультета дополнительного профессионального образования</p></bio><email>biochimia@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6132-9924</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kovaleva</surname><given-names>Olga V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ковалева</surname><given-names>Ольга Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biol. Sci., Senior Research Fellow, Laboratory of Regulationof Cellular and Viral Oncogenes</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, ст. науч. сотр. лаборатории регуляции клеточных и вирусных онкогенов</p></bio><email>ovkovaleva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-9351-880X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Basov</surname><given-names>Arseniy G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Басов</surname><given-names>Арсений Геннадьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Deputy Chief Physician for Medical Affairs, Consultative and Diagnostic Center</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>заместитель главного врача по медицинской части консультативно-диагностического центра</p></bio><email>arsbasovtmn@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9684-2509</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmin</surname><given-names>Yurii B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмин</surname><given-names>Юрий Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (in Biol.), Medical Technologist, Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Consultative and Diagnostic Center; Senior Assistant, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Additional Professional Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, медицинский лабораторный техник (фельдшер-лаборант) клинико-диагностической лаборатории консультативно-диагностического центра, старший лаборант кафедры клинической биохимии и лабораторной диагностики факультета дополнительного профессионального образования</p></bio><email>yriikuzmin@yandex.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3585-5693</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alferov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алферов</surname><given-names>Александр Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Doctor, Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Consultative and Diagnostic Center; Assistant Professor, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Additional Professional Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, врач клинической лабораторной диагностики клинико-диагностической лаборатории консультативно-диагностического центра, ассистент кафедры клинической биохимии и лабораторной диагностики факультета дополнительного профессионального образования</p></bio><email>aleksandr.alferov@yahoo.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7336-9210</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bezhanova</surname><given-names>Svetlana D.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Бежанова</surname><given-names>Светлана Дмитриевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Pathologist, Department of Morbid Anatomy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач-патологоанатом патологоанатомического отделения</p></bio><email>dmitrownaja@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-8784-3059</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kolpashchikov</surname><given-names>Aleksey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Колпащиков</surname><given-names>Алексей Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics Doctor, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnostics, Faculty of Additional Professional Education</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач клинической лабораторной диагностики кафедры клинической биохимии и лабораторной диагностики факультета дополнительного профессионального образования</p></bio><email>kolpaschikov@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8593-1098</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Klimanov</surname><given-names>Igor A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Климанов</surname><given-names>Игорь Анатольевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory, Consultative and Diagnostic Center</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, заведующий клинико-диагностической лабораторией консультативно-диагностического центра</p></bio><email>igorklimanov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2137-1866</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grachev</surname><given-names>Alexey N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грачев</surname><given-names>Алексей Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biol. Sci., Professor, Head of Laboratory of Tumor Stromal Cell Biology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор РАН, заведующий лабораторией биологии стромальных клеток опухолей</p></bio><email>alexei.gratchev@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5422-2878</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zybina</surname><given-names>Natalia N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зыбина</surname><given-names>Наталья Николаевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of Biol. Sci., Professor., Head of Department of Laboratory Diagnostics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р биол. наук, профессор, заведующая отделом лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><email>zybinan@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7748-9527</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Matveev</surname><given-names>Vsevolod B.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Матвеев</surname><given-names>Всеволод Борисович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Corr. Member of Russ. Acad. Sci., Head of Department of Oncourology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, чл.-корр. РАН, заведующий отделением онкоурологии</p></bio><email>v.matveev@ronc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0059-4980</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yanushevich</surname><given-names>Oleg O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Янушевич</surname><given-names>Олег Олегович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Member of Russ. Acad. Sci., Rector</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, ректор</p></bio><email>nauch.ot@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0493-1166</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Stilidi</surname><given-names>Ivan S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стилиди</surname><given-names>Иван Сократович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Member of Russ. Acad. Sci., Director</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, академик РАН, директор</p></bio><email>info@ronc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">N.N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр онкологии им. Н.Н. Блохина» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian University of Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Российский университет медицины» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУ «Всероссийский центр экстренной и радиационной медицины им. А.М. Никифорова» МЧС России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-04-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-09-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>09</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>52</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>107</fpage><lpage>119</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-02-14"><day>14</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-04-03"><day>03</day><month>04</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Kushlinskii N.E., Kovaleva O.V., Basov A.G., Kuzmin Y.B., Alferov A.A., Bezhanova S.D., Kolpashchikov A.V., Klimanov I.A., Grachev A.N., Zybina N.N., Matveev V.B., Yanushevich O.O., Stilidi I.S.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Кушлинский Н.Е., Ковалева О.В., Басов А.Г., Кузьмин Ю.Б., Алферов А.А., Бежанова С.Д., Колпащиков А.В., Климанов И.А., Грачев А.Н., Зыбина Н.Н., Матвеев В.Б., Янушевич О.О., Стилиди И.С.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Kushlinskii N.E., Kovaleva O.V., Basov A.G., Kuzmin Y.B., Alferov A.A., Bezhanova S.D., Kolpashchikov A.V., Klimanov I.A., Grachev A.N., Zybina N.N., Matveev V.B., Yanushevich O.O., Stilidi I.S.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Кушлинский Н.Е., Ковалева О.В., Басов А.Г., Кузьмин Ю.Б., Алферов А.А., Бежанова С.Д., Колпащиков А.В., Климанов И.А., Грачев А.Н., Зыбина Н.Н., Матвеев В.Б., Янушевич О.О., Стилиди И.С.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17227">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17227</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>: Galectins are a family of β-galactoside binding proteins that regulate the vast majority of cellular functions, including proliferation, migration, adhesion, and phagocytosis in both health and disease. More and more experimental and clinical evidence indicates that galectins are involved in many stages of carcinogenesis, including patients with renal cell carcinoma (RCC).</p> <p><bold>Aim</bold>: To analyze the clinical significance of soluble forms of galectins -1, -3, -4, -7, -9 in patients with various histological RCC types.</p> <p><bold>Materials and methods</bold>: We performed a retrospective analysis of the clinical significance of galectins -1, -3, -4, -7, -9 in the serum of 140 RCC patients (84 with clear cell RCC (ccRCC), 38 with papillary (papRCC), 18 with chromophobe (chrRCC)) and in 73 healthy donors (control group), who were examined and treated from 2019 to 2023 in the N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology. Galectin levels were measured in serum (obtained according to standard methods before the initiation of specific treatment) with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.</p> <p><bold>Results</bold>: There was a significant increase in serum galectin -1, -3, -9 levels in the whole RCC patient group, compared to the healthy donor control group; no increase was found for galectins -4 and -7. Serum galectin-1 levels in the ccRCC and papRCC patients were significantly higher than those in the controls (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.0135, respectively). No association between the serum galectins -1 and -7 and the clinical and morphological characteristics of RCC was found; however, serum galectin-7 levels in the papRCC patients correlated with the grade of tumor differentiation (r = -0.592; p = 0.001). The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for galectin-1 in ccRCC was 0.721 (p &lt; 0.0001), in papRCC 0.673 (p = 0.0086), and in chrRCC 0.576 (p = 0.355). For galectin-7, the ROC AUC values were 0.527 (p = 0.634) in ccRCC, 0.513 (p = 0.845) in papRCC, and 0.566 (p = 0.425) in chrRCC. In all histological types of RCC, there was a significant increase in serum galectin-3 compared to the controls (ccRCC, p = 0.0208; papRCC, p = 0.0014; chrRCC, p = 0.0041). The ROC analysis for galectin-3 in patients with RCC of various histological types showed AUC = 0.721 (p &lt; 0.0001) for ccRCC, 0.673 (p = 0.0086) for papRCC, and 0.576 (p = 0.355) for chrRCC. Galectin-9 levels was directly and significantly associated with the tumor size, as well as with regional metastases (r = 0.251, p = 0.021; r = 0.239, p = 0.028, respectively). The AUC values for galectin-4 were 0.619 (p = 0.021) in ccRCC, 0.577 (p = 0.214) in papRCC, and 0.534 (p = 0.666) for chrRCC. For galectin-9, they were 0.649 (p = 0.0075), 0.613 (p = 0.087), and 0.539 (p = 0.637), respectively.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion</bold>: The study has demonstrated a certain association between serum galectin -1, -3, -4, -7, and -9 in the patients with RCC of various histological types. Although the results of the ROC analysis indicated average quality of the model, which does not allow for the use of the obtained data for diagnostic purposes, it is necessary to continue the research for better understanding of the mechanisms of galectin functioning, before galectin-based therapeutic agents would be introduced into clinical practice for the treatment of RCC.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность</bold>. Галектины представляют собой семейство β-галактозид-связывающих белков, которые регулируют подавляющее большинство клеточных функций, включая пролиферацию, миграцию, адгезию и фагоцитоз как в норме, так и при патологии. Все больше экспериментальных и клинических данных свидетельствуют о том, что галектины вовлечены в процесс канцерогенеза на многих его этапах, в том числе и у больных почечно-клеточным раком (ПКР).</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> – анализ клинической значимости растворимых форм галектинов -1, -3, -4, -7, -9 у больных с различными гистологическими типами ПКР.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы</bold>. Проведен ретроспективный анализ клинической значимости галектинов -1, -3, -4, -7, -9 в сыворотке крови у 140 пациентов с ПКР (84 – со светлоклеточным ПКР (скПКР); 38 – с папиллярным (папПКР); 18 – с хромофобным (хрПКР)) и у 73 здоровых доноров группы контроля, проходивших обследование и лечение в период с 2019 по 2023 г. в ФГБУ «НМИЦ онкологии им. Н. Н. Блохина» Минздрава России. Концентрацию галектинов определяли в сыворотке крови, полученной по стандартной методике до начала специфического лечения, с помощью иммуноферментного анализа.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. Выявлено статистически значимое повышение содержания галектинов -1, -3, -9 в сыворотке крови больных ПКР по сравнению со здоровыми донорами контрольной группы, для галектинов -4 и -7 такой зависимости не обнаружено. Отмечено статистически значимое повышение содержания галектина-1 в сыворотке крови больных скПКР и папПКР по сравнению с контролем (p = 0,0003 и 0,0135 соответственно). Не обнаружено ассоциации между сывороточным содержанием галектинов -1 и -7 с клинико-морфологическими характеристиками ПКР, однако содержание галектина-7 в сыворотке крови больных папПКР коррелировало со степенью дифференцировки опухоли (r = -0,592; p = 0,001). Для галектина-1 площадь под ROC-кривой (AUC) в случае скПКР равна 0,721 (p &lt; 0,0001), папПКР – 0,673 (p = 0,0086) и хрПКР – 0,576 (p = 0,355). Для галектина-7 AUC = 0,527 (p = 0,634) в случае скПКР; 0,513 (p = 0,845) – папПКР и 0,566 (p = 0,425) – хрПКР. Статистически значимое повышение содержания галектина-3 в сыворотке крови больных по сравнению с контролем отмечено для всех гистологических типов ПКР (скПКР: p = 0,0208, папПКР: p = 0,0014, хрПКР: p = 0,0041). ROC-анализ для галектина-3 у больных ПКР различных гистологических типов показал: AUC = 0,721 (p &lt; 0,0001) для скПКР; 0,673 (p = 0,0086) – папПКР и 0,576 (p = 0,355) – хрПКР. Обнаружена прямая статистически значимая корреляция между концентрацией галектина-9 и размером опухоли, а также наличием регионарных метастазов (r = 0,251, p = 0,021; r = 0,239, p = 0,028 соответственно). Для галектина-4 AUC = 0,619 (p = 0,021) в случае скПКР; 0,577 (p = 0,214) – папПКР и 0,534 (p = 0,666) – хрПКР; для галектина-9 AUC = 0,649 (p = 0,0075); 0,613 (p = 0,087) и 0,539 (p = 0,637) соответственно.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Проведенное исследование продемонстрировало определенную связь содержания галектинов -1, -3, -4, -7, -9 в сыворотке крови больных ПКР с различными гистологическими типами опухоли. Несмотря на то что результаты ROC-анализа свидетельствовали о среднем качестве модели и не позволяют использовать полученные данные в диагностических целях, необходимо продолжить исследования для более глубокого понимания механизмов функционирования галектинов, прежде чем терапевтические средства на их основе будут внедрены в клиническую практику при лечении ПКР.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>renal cancer</kwd><kwd>galectins</kwd><kwd>galectin-1</kwd><kwd>galectin-3</kwd><kwd>galectin-4</kwd><kwd>galectin-7</kwd><kwd>galectin-9</kwd><kwd>serum</kwd><kwd>ROC analysis</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>рак почки</kwd><kwd>галектины</kwd><kwd>галектин-1</kwd><kwd>галектин-3</kwd><kwd>галектин-4</kwd><kwd>галектин-7</kwd><kwd>галектин-9</kwd><kwd>сыворотка крови</kwd><kwd>ROC-анализ</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Borsig L, Wolf MJ, Roblek M, Lorentzen A, Heikenwalder M. 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