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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17211</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2024-52-013</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The association between exosomal proteins and the efficacy of thermoradiochemotherapy in overweight/obese rectal cancer patients: a pilot prospective cohort study</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Связь белков экзосом с эффективностью терморадиохимиотерапии у больных c избыточной массой тела и раком прямой кишки: пилотное проспективное когортное исследование</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4595-4177</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Yunusova</surname><given-names>Natalia V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Юнусова</surname><given-names>Наталья Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology with a Course of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор кафедры биохимии и молекулярной биологии с курсом клинической лабораторной диагностики</p></bio><email>BochkarevaNV@oncology.tomsk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8985-009X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="scopus">57417248900</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="researcherid">HHS-3605-2022</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">4131-8608</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Svarovsky</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сваровский</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Assistant, Chair of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology witha Course of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ассистент кафедры биохимии и молекулярной биологии</p></bio><email>svarovskiy.da@ssmu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1269-9421</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Konovalov</surname><given-names>Artem I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Коновалов</surname><given-names>Артем Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Assistant, Chair of Surgery with a Course in Mobilisation Training and Disaster Medicine</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, ассистент кафедры хирургии с курсом мобилизационной подготовки и медицины катастроф</p></bio><email>oncology-group@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5691-2349</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostromitsky</surname><given-names>Dmitry N.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костромицкий</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Николаевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Research Fellow, Department of Abdominal Oncology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, науч. сотр. отделения абдоминальной онкологии</p></bio><email>d.n.kostromitsky@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0947-8778</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kondakova</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кондакова</surname><given-names>Ирина Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Head of Tumor Biochemistry Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, зав. лабораторией биохимии опухолей</p></bio><email>kondakova@oncology.tomsk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1679-010X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Usova</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Усова</surname><given-names>Анна Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Senior Research Fellow, Department of Diagnostic Radiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр. отделения лучевой диагностики</p></bio><email>afins.tsk@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5227-006X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Frolova</surname><given-names>Irina G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фролова</surname><given-names>Ирина Георгиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Head of Department of Diagnostic Radiology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, зав. отделением лучевой диагностики</p></bio><email>FrolovaIG@oncology.tomsk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5838-9459</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sidenko</surname><given-names>Evgeniya A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сиденко</surname><given-names>Евгения Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Junior Research Fellow, Tumor Biochemistry Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, мл. науч. сотр. лаборатории биохимии опухолей</p></bio><email>sidenkoevgeniyaaleksandrovna@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4506-9429</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kakurina</surname><given-names>Gelena V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Какурина</surname><given-names>Гелена Валерьевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Senior Research Fellow, Tumor Biochemistry Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр. лаборатории биохимии опухолей</p></bio><email>kakurinagv@oncology.tomsk.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3394-9185</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gerdt</surname><given-names>Lyubov V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гердт</surname><given-names>Любовь Викторовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Physician of the Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Molecular Oncology and Immunology Laboratory</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, врач клинической лабораторной диагностики лаборатории молекулярной онкологии и иммунологии</p></bio><email>lyu-gerdt@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9853-223X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigor’eva</surname><given-names>Alina E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьева</surname><given-names>Алина Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD (in Biol.), Junior Research Fellow, Microscopy Group</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. биол. наук, мл. науч. сотр. группы микроскопических исследований</p></bio><email>feabelit@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4345-7719</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Startseva</surname><given-names>Zhanna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Старцева</surname><given-names>Жанна Александровна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Head of Department of Radiation Therapy</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, зав. отделением радиотерапии</p></bio><email>zhanna.alex@rambler.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Siberian State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Сибирский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Cancer Research Institute, branch of the Tomsk National Research Medical Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт онкологии – филиал ФГБНУ «Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр Российской академии наук»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (ICBFM SB RAS)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБУН «Институт химической биологии и фундаментальной медицины» Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук (ИХБФМ СО РАН)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2024-07-05" publication-format="electronic"><day>05</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2024-08-12" publication-format="electronic"><day>12</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>52</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>66</fpage><lpage>76</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-01-31"><day>31</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-06-10"><day>10</day><month>06</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2024, Yunusova N.V., Svarovsky D.A., Konovalov A.I., Kostromitsky D.N., Kondakova I.V., Usova A.V., Frolova I.G., Sidenko E.A., Kakurina G.V., Gerdt L.V., Grigor’eva A.E., Startseva Z.A.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2024, Юнусова Н.В., Сваровский Д.А., Коновалов А.И., Костромицкий Д.Н., Кондакова И.В., Усова А.В., Фролова И.Г., Сиденко Е.А., Какурина Г.В., Гердт Л.В., Григорьева А.Е., Старцева Ж.А.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Yunusova N.V., Svarovsky D.A., Konovalov A.I., Kostromitsky D.N., Kondakova I.V., Usova A.V., Frolova I.G., Sidenko E.A., Kakurina G.V., Gerdt L.V., Grigor’eva A.E., Startseva Z.A.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Юнусова Н.В., Сваровский Д.А., Коновалов А.И., Костромицкий Д.Н., Кондакова И.В., Усова А.В., Фролова И.Г., Сиденко Е.А., Какурина Г.В., Гердт Л.В., Григорьева А.Е., Старцева Ж.А.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17211">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17211</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Background</bold>: Overweight and especially obesity are associated with the risk of the development and progression of colorectal cancer. It can be assumed that there are multifaceted interactions between the tumor and adipose tissue during anti-tumor treatment. Cancer cells secrete exosomes, extracellular vesicles affecting the microenvironment of the tumor and promoting its progression or regression. The presence of transcription/translation/folding factors (heat shock proteins (HSPs), matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their tissue inhibitors (TIMPs) in exosomes secreted by irradiated cells and cells exposed to hyperthermia, indicates the cell adaptation to the thermal and radiation stress.</p> <p><bold>Aim</bold>: To analyze the MMPs, TIMP1, and HSPs on CD9-positive (CD9<sup>+</sup>) exosomes, as well as on exosomes of adipocytic origin (FABP4<sup>+</sup>) in rectal cancer patients with overweight/obesity under thermoradiochemotherapy (TRCT) and their association with the immediate treatment efficacy.</p> <p><bold>Methods</bold>: Since 2021, 20 patients (of those 8 men; median age 59.0 [52.0; 63.0] years, median body mass index 29.6 [28.5; 33.1] kg/m<sup>2</sup>) with morphologically verified rectal cancer (T3-4N0M0 and T3-4N1M0, differentiation grade G1–G3) have been participating in the study. They were treated with TRCT: external gamma therapy (2 Gy, 1 fraction/day, 5 days/week, total focal dose 54 Gy), chemotherapy with capecitabine (825 mg/m<sup>2</sup> twice daily) combined with local hyperthermia (42–44 °C, 60 min, 3 times/week, 10 sessions). The TRCT efficacy was assessed by RECIST 1.1 and ESGAR criteria. Blood samples for exosomes were taken from the patients at baseline (point 1), in the middle of the treatment course (point 2), at 6 to 10 weeks after the end of TRCT (point 3), and at 6 months after point 1 (point 4). Small extracellular vesicles were isolated from plasma by ultrafiltration with double ultracentrifugation. The isolated exosomes were characterized by transmission electronic microscopy, flow cytometry and nanoparticle trajectory analysis (NTA).</p> <p><bold>Results</bold>: TRCT resulted in complete tumor regression in 13/20 of the rectal cancer patients and partial regression or stabilization in 7/20. Four subpopulations of CD9<sup>+</sup> and FABP4<sup>+</sup> exosomes associated with the TRCT efficacy were identified (CD9<sup>+</sup>MMP2<sup>+</sup>, СD9<sup>+</sup>MMP2<sup>+</sup>9<sup>+</sup>TIMP1<sup>+</sup>, СD9<sup>+</sup>MMP2<sup>+</sup>9<sup>+</sup>TIMP1<sup>-</sup>, and FABP4<sup>+</sup>MMP2<sup>+</sup>9<sup>-</sup>TIMP1<sup>+</sup>). Compared to the CD9<sup>+</sup> exosomes, the adipocytic vesicles had higher MMP2 expression (p = 0.026); however, the adipocyte vesicles subpopulation were virtually free of vesicles with combined MMP2 and MMP9 gelatinase expression. The HSPs expression by circulating exosomes at various TRCT steps was associated neither with direct treatment efficacy nor with the vesicle type.</p> <p><bold>Conclusion</bold>: The expression of MMPs and TIMP1 on CD9<sup>+</sup> and FABP4<sup>+</sup> exosomes is associated with TRCT efficacy. In the future, vesicular markers could be used to build prognostic models, to identify patient groups with an unfavorable prognosis, and to personalize treatment and follow-up.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование</bold>. Избыточная масса тела и особенно ожирение ассоциированы с риском развития и прогрессией колоректального рака. Можно предположить наличие многоплановых взаимодействий между опухолью и жировой тканью в процессе противоопухолевой терапии. Раковые клетки выделяют экзосомы – внеклеточные везикулы, которые влияют на микроокружение опухоли и способствуют ее прогрессии или регрессии. Присутствие факторов транскрипции / трансляции / фолдинга (белков теплового шока (HSPs), матриксных металлопротеиназ (MMPs) и их ингибиторов (TIMPs) в cоставе экзосом, секретируемых облученными клетками и клетками, подвергшимися гипертермии, отражает адаптацию клеток к условиям теплового и радиационного стресса.</p> <p><bold>Цель</bold> – проанализировать уровень MMPs, TIMP1 и HSPs на CD9-позитивных (CD9<sup>+</sup>) экзосомах и экзосомах адипоцитарного происхождения (FABP4<sup>+</sup>) у больных с избыточной массой тела / ожирением и раком прямой кишки (РПК) на фоне терморадиохимиотерапии (ТРХТ) во взаимосвязи с ее непосредственной эффективностью.</p> <p><bold>Материал и методы</bold>. В пилотном проспективном когортном исследовании с 2021 г. участвуют 20 пациентов (из них 8 мужчин; медиана возраста – 59,0 [52,0; 63,0] лет, индекса массы тела – 29,6 [28,5; 33,1] кг/м<sup>2</sup>) с морфологически верифицированным РПК (стадии T3-4N0M0 и T3-4N1M0, степень дифференцировки опухоли G1–G3). Больные получали ТРХТ: дистанционную гамма-терапию (разовая очаговая доза – 2 Гр, 1 фракция/сут, 5 раз/нед, суммарная очаговая доза – 54 Гр) и химиотерапию капецитабином (825 мг/ м<sup>2</sup>, 2 раза/сут) в сочетании с локальной гипертермией (42–44 °C, 60 мин., 3 раза/нед, 10 сеансов). Эффективность ТРХТ оценивали по критериям RECIST 1.1 и ESGAR. Забор крови для получения экзосом у больных РПК проводили до начала лечения (точка 1), в середине курса ТРХТ (точка 2), через 6–10 нед. после окончания ТРХТ (точка 3) и через 6 мес. после точки 1 (точка 4). Малые внеклеточные везикулы из плазмы крови больных выделяли методом ультрафильтрации с двойным ультрацентрифугированием. Для характеристики изолированных экзосом использовали трансмиссионную электронную микроскопию, анализ траектории наночастиц (NTA) и проточную цитометрию.</p> <p><bold>Результаты</bold>. После ТРХТ у 13 из 20 больных РПК зарегистрирована полная регрессия, у 7 – частичная регрессия или стабилизация процесса. Выявлены 4 субпопуляции CD9<sup>+</sup> и FABP4<sup>+</sup> экзосом, ассоциированных с эффективностью ТРХТ: CD9<sup>+</sup>MMP2<sup>+</sup>, CD9<sup>+</sup>MMP2<sup>+</sup>9<sup>+</sup>TIMP1<sup>+</sup>, CD9<sup>+</sup>MMP2<sup>+</sup>9<sup>+</sup>TIMP1<sup>-</sup>, FABP4<sup>+</sup>MMP2<sup>+</sup>9<sup>-</sup>TIMP1<sup>+</sup>. По сравнению с экзосомами CD9<sup>+</sup>, адипоцитарные везикулы (FABP4<sup>+</sup>) экспрессировали статистически значимо больше MMP2 (p = 0,026), однако среди них практически не было везикул с сочетанной экспрессией желатиназ MMP2 и MMP9. Экспрессия HSPs на циркулирующих экзосомах на этапах ТРХТ не ассоциировалась с типом везикул и непосредственной эффективностью терапии.</p> <p><bold>Заключение</bold>. Экспрессия MMPs и TIMP1 на экзосомах CD9<sup>+</sup> и FABP4<sup>+</sup> ассоциируется с эффективностью ТРХТ. В перспективе везикулярные маркеры могут быть использованы для построения прогностических моделей, выявления группы больных с неблагоприятным прогнозом, персонализации подходов к лечению и динамическому наблюдению.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>tumor cell exosomes</kwd><kwd>adipose-derived extracellular vesicles</kwd><kwd>obesity</kwd><kwd>overweight</kwd><kwd>rectal cancer</kwd><kwd>thermoradiochemotherapy</kwd><kwd>tumor response</kwd><kwd>predictors of treatment efficacy</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>экзосомы опухолевых клеток</kwd><kwd>адипоцитарные внеклеточные везикулы</kwd><kwd>ожирение и избыточная масса тела</kwd><kwd>рак прямой кишки (РПК)</kwd><kwd>терморадиохимиотерапия</kwd><kwd>ответ опухоли</kwd><kwd>предикторы эффективности терапии</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный фонд</institution></institution-wrap><institution-wrap><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian Science Foundation</institution></institution-wrap></funding-source><award-id>23-25-00085</award-id></award-group></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Jabbari N, Nawaz M, Rezaie J. 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