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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17204</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2023-51-050</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Neutrophil extracellular traps: molecular and cellular mechanisms of formation, role in the development of placental disorders and preeclampsia</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нейтрофильные внеклеточные ловушки: молекулярно-клеточные механизмы формирования, роль в развитии плацентарных нарушений и преэклампсии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8284-8117</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gasparyan</surname><given-names>Susanna A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гаспарян</surname><given-names>Сусанна Арташесовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, профессор кафедры акушерства и гинекологии с курсом дополнительного профессионального образования</p></bio><email>prof-gasp55@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8613-1548</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Topuzov</surname><given-names>Alexandr G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Топузов</surname><given-names>Александр Георгиевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Chief Physician</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>главный врач</p></bio><email>topuzov42@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7871-7218</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Orfanova</surname><given-names>Idilia A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Орфанова</surname><given-names>Идилия Ашотовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student, Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры акушерства и гинекологии с курсом дополнительного профессионального образования</p></bio><email>idiliya24@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3683-0316</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Akhmedova</surname><given-names>Sabiiat M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ахмедова</surname><given-names>Сабият Магомедгаджиевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Postgraduate Student, Chair of Obstetrics and Gynecology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант кафедры акушерства и гинекологии с курсом дополнительного профессионального образования</p></bio><email>sabiyat.ahmedova@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Stavropol State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Ставропольский государственный медицинский университет» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Mineralovodsky Inter-Area Maternity Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ Ставропольского края «Минераловодский межрайонный родильный дом»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-11" publication-format="electronic"><day>11</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>51</volume><issue>8</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>469</fpage><lpage>477</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-01-15"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2024-02-02"><day>02</day><month>02</month><year>2024</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Gasparyan S.A., Topuzov A.G., Orfanova I.A., Akhmedova S.M.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Гаспарян С.А., Топузов А.Г., Орфанова И.А., Ахмедова С.М.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gasparyan S.A., Topuzov A.G., Orfanova I.A., Akhmedova S.M.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гаспарян С.А., Топузов А.Г., Орфанова И.А., Ахмедова С.М.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17204">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17204</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review summarizes current understanding of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and their role in the development of inflammation and thrombus formation during physiological and complicated pregnancy. The main initiation factors and molecular and cellular reactions leading to the generation of NETs are described. During gestation, various pregnancy-associated triggers (cytokines, hormones, colony-stimulating factors, etc.) contribute to increased activity of innate immune factors associated with the processes of neutrophil migration into gestational tissues, adhesion, degranulation, phagocytosis and release of extracellular neutrophil traps. It has been established that the uncontrolled aberrant generation of NETs, as well as their products, including reactive oxygen species, can exert a cytotoxic effect on maternal cells and tissues, adverse fetal effects and contribute to placental damage, resulting in such pregnancy complications as placental disorders, immunothrombosis and preeclampsia. The emergence of new data on the morphological and functional characteristics of the cellular component of innate immunity necessitates their advanced research with consideration of the functional potential and conditions for NETs formation, clarification and determination of their pathophysiological significance in normal and complicated pregnancy. It seems promising to study the possibility of assessment of the DNA traps levels for early diagnosis and prognosis of gestational complications, as well as for the development of new treatment strategies including targeted therapy.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В обзоре обобщены современные представления о нейтрофильных внеклеточных ловушках (англ. neutrophil extracellular traps, NETs) и их роли в развитии процессов воспаления и тромбообразования при физиологической и осложненной беременности. Описаны основные стимулы инициации и молекулярно-клеточные реакции, приводящие к генерации NETs. В процессе гестации различные триггеры беременности (цитокины, гормоны, колониестимулирующие факторы и др.) способствуют повышенной активности компонентов врожденного иммунитета, связанной с процессами миграции нейтрофилов в ткани плацентарного комплекса, адгезии, дегрануляции, фагоцитоза и выброса внеклеточных нейтрофильных ловушек. Установлено, что неконтролируемая аберрантная генерация NETs, а также их продуктов, включая активные формы кислорода, может оказывать цитотоксический эффект на клетки и ткани матери, неблагоприятное влияние на плод, способствовать повреждению плаценты, вызывая преэклампсию и такие осложнения беременности, как плацентарные нарушения и иммунотромбозы. Появление новых данных о морфологических и функциональных особенностях клеточного звена врожденного иммунитета диктует необходимость их углубленного исследования с учетом функционального потенциала и условий формирования NETs, уточнения и определения патогенетического значения при течении нормальной и осложненной беременности. Перспективными представляются изучение возможности оценки уровня ДНК-ловушек для ранней диагностики и прогноза гестационных осложнений, а также разработки новых лечебных стратегий с использованием таргетной терапии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)</kwd><kwd>innate immunity</kwd><kwd>pregnancy</kwd><kwd>placental disorders</kwd><kwd>preeclampsia</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>нейтрофильные внеклеточные ловушки (NETs)</kwd><kwd>врожденный иммунитет</kwd><kwd>беременность</kwd><kwd>плацентарные нарушения</kwd><kwd>преэклампсия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Malech HL, DeLeo FR, Quinn MT. The Role of Neutrophils in the Immune System: An Overview. Methods Mol Biol. 2020;2087:3–10. doi: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0154-9_1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Poli V, Zanoni I. 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