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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">17192</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2023-51-040</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Resistance to dopamine agonists in the treatment of prolactinomas: diagnostic criteria, mechanisms and ways to overcome it</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Резистентность к агонистам дофамина в лечении пролактином: диагностические критерии, механизмы формирования и пути преодоления</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3261-7366</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilovayskaya</surname><given-names>Irena A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Иловайская</surname><given-names>Ирэна Адольфовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Head of Department of Neuroendocrinal Diseases, Unit of General Endocrinology</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, доцент, руководитель отделения нейроэндокринных заболеваний отдела общей эндокринологии</p></bio><email>irena.ilov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8493-7893</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vagapova</surname><given-names>Gulnar R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вагапова</surname><given-names>Гульнар Рифатовна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Professor, Head of Chair of Endocrinology; Endocrinologist</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующая кафедрой эндокринологии, врач-эндокринолог</p></bio><email>g.r.vagapova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ МО «Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Kazan State Medical Academy – Branch Campus of the Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Казанская государственная медицинская академия – филиал ФГБОУ ДПО «Российская медицинская академия непрерывного профессионального образования» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Interregional Clinical Diagnostic Center</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГАУЗ «Межрегиональный клинико-диагностический центр»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2023-12-26" publication-format="electronic"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2023-12-10" publication-format="electronic"><day>10</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></pub-date><volume>51</volume><issue>7</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>397</fpage><lpage>406</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2023-12-21"><day>21</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2023-12-26"><day>26</day><month>12</month><year>2023</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2023, Ilovayskaya I.A., Vagapova G.R.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2023, Иловайская И.А., Вагапова Г.Р.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2023</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ilovayskaya I.A., Vagapova G.R.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Иловайская И.А., Вагапова Г.Р.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17192">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/17192</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> <preformat/> </p>       <p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The priority treatment approach for prolactinomas is therapy with dopamine agonists, which allows for elimination of clinical symptoms, normalization of prolactin levels, reduction of the adenoma size and prevention of metabolic abnormalities in the majority of patients. Nevertheless, 10 to 20% of patients are resistant to dopamine agonists. The aim of this review is to analyze literature data on the source mechanisms and potential ways to overcome the resistance of prolactinomas to dopamine agonists. The criteria of a prolactinoma's resistance to dopamine agonists are as follows: 1) no normalization of serum prolactin levels and/or 2) no reduction of the adenoma volume by at least 50% after treatment of bromocriptine at a dose of ≤ 15 mg/day or cabergoline at a dose of ≤ 3 mg/week for at least 6 months. Full resistance is characterized by both no biochemical and no anti-tumor effects, whereas in partial resistance, prolactin levels can be decreased but not normalized, or the adenoma size can be reduced by less than 50% of the initial. The clinical and morphological predictors of prolactinoma resistance to dopamine agonists are male gender, young age, big size of the adenoma and its invasion into the sinus cavernosus, hypointensive and/or heterogeneous MRI signal on Т2 weighed images, and cystic components within the tumor. The main molecular genetic markers are: decreased expression of dopamine and estrogen receptors, higher proliferation index Ki-67 ≤ 3%, as well as the <italic>MENIN, AIP, SF3B1, PRDM2</italic> gene mutations. In case of resistance to bromocriptine, it is recommended to switch the patient to cabergoline. In partial resistance to standard doses of cabergoline, it is possible to increase the dose up to a maximally tolerated. Neurosurgery and/or radiation surgery is recommended in cases of full resistance to dopamine agonists or an aggressive tumor. For very aggressive/malignant tumors, or in the event of their extended growth after surgery, temozolomide is recommended as adjuvant therapy.</p>     </abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Приоритетный метод лечения пролактином – медикаментозная терапия агонистами дофамина, которая позволяет добиться устранения клинических симптомов, нормализации уровня пролактина, уменьшения размеров аденомы и предупреждения развития метаболических нарушений у большинства больных. Тем не менее у 10–20% пациентов наблюдается резистентность к агонистам дофамина. Цeлью настоящего обзора был анализ данных литературы о механизмах формирования и возможных путях преодоления резистентности пролактином к агонистам дофамина. Выделяют следующие критерии резистентности пролактиномы к лечению агонистами дофамина: 1) отсутствие нормализации уровня пролактина в крови и/или 2) уменьшение объема аденомы на 50% и более после приема ≤ 15 мг/сут бромокриптина или ≤ 3 мг/нед каберголина в течение не менее 6 месяцев. Полная резистентность характеризуется отсутствием как биохимического, так и противоопухолевого эффектов, при частичной резистентности может отмечаться снижение секреции пролактина без нормализации его уровня или уменьшения размеров аденомы, но менее 50% от исходного. Клинико-морфологическими предикторами резистентности пролактиномы к агонистам дофамина являются мужской пол, молодой возраст пациента, значительные размеры пролактиномы и инвазия в кавернозный синус, гипоинтенсивный и/или гетерогенный МР-сигнал на Т2-взвешенных изображениях, кистозный компонент опухоли; к основным молекулярно-генетическим маркерам относят сниженную экспрессию дофаминовых и эстрогеновых рецепторов, повышение индекса пролиферации Ki-67 ≤ 3%, а также мутации генов <italic>MENIN, AIP, SF3B1, PRDM2</italic>. При резистентности пролактином к бромокриптину рекомендуется переключение на каберголин, при частичной резистентности к стандартным дозам каберголина возможно увеличение до предельно переносимых (максимально возможных) доз; при полной резистентности к агонистам дофамина или в случае агрессивной опухоли рекомендуется проведение нейрохирургического и/или радиохирургического лечения. В случае очень агрессивной/злокачественной опухоли, продолженного роста после оперативного вмешательства в качестве адъювантной терапии рекомендуется темозоломид.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>prolactinoma</kwd><kwd>treatment resistance</kwd><kwd>dopamine agonists</kwd><kwd>cabergoline</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>пролактинома</kwd><kwd>резистентность к лечению</kwd><kwd>агонисты дофамина</kwd><kwd>каберголин</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Vroonen L, Daly AF, Beckers A. Epidemiology and Management Challenges in Prolactinomas. 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