<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1540</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2021-49-037</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ARTICLES</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ СТАТЬИ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Efficiency of SpCas9 and AsCpf1 (Cas12a) programmable nucleases at genomic safe harbor loci in HEK293 cells</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эффективность программируемых нуклеаз SpCas9 и AsCpf1 (Cas12a) в геномных локусах safe harbor клеток линии HEK293</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1095-3692</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pavlova</surname><given-names>S. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Павлова</surname><given-names>С. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Sophia V. Pavlova</bold> – PhD (in Biol.), Research Fellow, Laboratory of Developmental Epigenetics</p><p><italic>1–16 Mal'tseva ul., Novosibirsk, 630090</italic></p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Павлова Софья Викторовна</bold> – кандидат биологических наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории эпигенетики развития</p><p><italic>630090, г. Новосибирск, ул. Мальцева, 1–16</italic></p><p> </p></bio><email>sonpavlova@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3204-8178</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Elisaphenko</surname><given-names>E. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Елисафенко</surname><given-names>Е. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Evgeny A. Elisaphenko</bold> – PhD (in Biol.), Senior Research Fellow, Laboratory of Developmental Epigenetics</p><p><italic>10 Akademika Lavrent'yeva prospekt, Novosibirsk, 630090</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Елисафенко Евгений Анатольевич</bold> – кандидат биологических наук, старший научный сотрудник лаборатории эпигенетики развития</p><p><italic>630090, г. Новосибирск, пр-т Академика Лаврентьева, 10</italic></p></bio><email>antares@bionet.nsc.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shayakhmetova</surname><given-names>L. Sh.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шаяхметова</surname><given-names>Л. Ш.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Lilia Sh. Shayakhmetova</bold> – Laboratory Assistant Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences; Bachelor Novosibirsk State University</p><p><italic>10 Akademika Lavrent'yeva prospekt, Novosibirsk, 630090; </italic></p><p><italic>1 Pirogova ul., Novosibirsk, 630090</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Шаяхметова Лилия Шагитовна</bold> – лаборант научно-образовательного отдела ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук»; бакалавр ФГАОУ ВО «Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет»</p><p><italic>630090, г. Новосибирск, пр-т Академика Лаврентьева, 10; </italic></p><p><italic>630090, г. Новосибирск, ул. Пирогова, 1</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1520-5549</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Medvedev</surname><given-names>S. P.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Медведев</surname><given-names>С. П.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Sergey P. Medvedev</bold> – PhD (in Biol.), Leading Research Fellow, Laboratory of Developmental Epigenetics</p><p><italic>10 Akademika Lavrent'yeva prospekt, Novosibirsk, 630090</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Медведев Сергей Петрович</bold> – кандидат биологических наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории эпигенетики развития</p><p><italic>630090, г. Новосибирск, пр-т Академика Лаврентьева, 10</italic></p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Федеральный исследовательский центр Институт цитологии и генетики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Novosibirsk State University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2021-12-08" publication-format="electronic"><day>08</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><volume>49</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>385</fpage><lpage>395</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-09-15"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2021-09-15"><day>15</day><month>09</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2021, Pavlova S.V., Elisaphenko E.A., Shayakhmetova L.S., Medvedev S.P.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2021, Павлова С.В., Елисафенко Е.А., Шаяхметова Л.Ш., Медведев С.П.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Pavlova S.V., Elisaphenko E.A., Shayakhmetova L.S., Medvedev S.P.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Павлова С.В., Елисафенко Е.А., Шаяхметова Л.Ш., Медведев С.П.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/1540">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/1540</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Rationale:</bold> The development of eukaryote genome engineering tools based on CRISPR-Cas programmable bacterial nucleases systems opens wide horizons for gene therapies, human disease cell modeling, as well as investigation into manifestation of disease phenotypes and visualization of cellular processes. The safety and approximation of experiments both at the cellular and organismal levels depend on the accuracy of introducing double-stranded breaks into the target DNA regions. The search for new variants of more accurate CRISPR-Cas nucleases and evaluation of their ability to hydrolyze nucleosome DNA <italic>in vivo</italic> is considered a critical task for the development of the genome engineering technologies.</p><p><bold>Aim:</bold> To analyze the activity of the programmable nuclease AsCpf1 (Cas12a), with low level of off-target activity, in the human genome loci that are safe for the introduction of transgenic constructs (“safe harbor”) and to compare its efficiency with that of the widely used SpCas9 nuclease in HEK293 cells.</p><p><bold>Materials and methods:</bold> We performed the bioinformatics analysis of the association between target regions with nucleosomes and other proteins in the safe harbor loci AAVS1 and GSH-Ch1 and the transcriptionally inactive gene <italic>MYBPC3</italic> (cardiac myosin binding protein 3) based on ATAC-seq data for the HEK293FT cells obtained from the NCBI SRA database. Plasmids encoding SpCas9 and AsCpf1 nucleases and guide RNA to the target regions were constructed and transfected into the HEK293FT cells. Events in the target regions of the HEK293FT cell genome were studied in the sequenograms with the TIDE algorithm.</p><p><bold>Results:</bold> The results of the ATAC-seq experiments for HEK293FT cells have shown that the AAVS1 locus can be referred as open chromatin with a low nucleosome density, while the GSH-Ch1 locus can be attributed to closed chromatin. In HEK293FT cells, the cardiac <italic>MYBPC3</italic> gene has intermediate chromatin density. Assessment of the efficiency of introducing breaks into the studied HEK293FT cell chromatin loci by nucleases has shown that SpCas9 is able to cope with chromatin of any nucleosome density, while AsCpf1 can effectively introduce DNA breaks only at loci with open chromatin, such as AAVS1 and <italic>MYBPC3</italic>. Editing events occur at a very low rate at the GSH-Ch1 locus with a high nucleosome density.</p><p><bold>Conclusion:</bold> We have found low efficiency of the AsCpf1 nuclease in the genomic safe harbor locus GSH-Ch1, which is characterized by a high nucleosome density. When planning an experiment on AsCpf1 nuclease genome editing, the epigenetic chromatin landscape and the nucleosome density should be considered, as well as chromatin opening substances should be used.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Актуальность.</bold> Создание инструментов редактирования генома эукариот на основе программируемых нуклеаз бактерий из систем CRISPR-Cas открывает обширные перспективы для разработки методов генной терапии, клеточных моделей заболеваний человека, а также изучения проявлений патологического фенотипа, наблюдения за клеточными процессами. От точности внесения двуцепочечных разрывов в целевые участки ДНК зависят безопасность и корректность экспериментов как на клеточном, так и организменном уровнях. Поиск новых вариантов более точных нуклеаз CRISPR-Cas и изучения их способности гидролизовать ДНК в составе нуклеосом <italic>in</italic> <italic>vivo</italic> представляется актуальной задачей развития технологий геномного редактирования.</p><p><bold>Цель </bold>– провести анализ активности программируемой нуклеазы AsCpf1 (Cas12a), обладающей низким уровнем нецелевой активности, в локусах генома человека, безопасных для внесения трансгенных конструкций (safe harbor), и сравнить с эффективностью широко применяемой нуклеазы SpCas9 в клетках линии HEK293.</p><p><bold>Материал и методы.</bold> Выполнен биоинформационный анализ ассоциации целевых районов с нуклеосомами и другими белками в safe harbor локусах AAVS1 и GSH-Ch1 и транскрипционно неактивном гене <italic>MYBPC3</italic> кардиального миозинсвязывающего белка 3 в клетках линии HEK293FT на основе данных, полученных методом ATAC-seq базы NCBI SRA для хроматина клеток линии HEK293FT. Проведено создание и внесение плазмидных конструкций, кодирующих нуклеазы SpCas9 и AsCpf1 и направляющих РНК в клетки HEK293FT. Осуществлен анализ событий в целевых районах генома клеток линии HEK293FT методом изучения секвенограмм с помощью алгоритма TIDE.</p><p><bold>Результаты.</bold> Изучение данных экспериментов ATAC-seq для клеток HEK293FT показало, что локус AAVS1 можно отнести к открытому хроматину с низкой плотностью нуклеосом, а локус GSH-Ch1 – к закрытому хроматину. В клетках HEK293FT ген кардиального белка MyBPc3 имеет промежуточные характеристики хроматина. Проведенное исследование эффективности внесения разрывов в изучаемые локусы хроматина клеток HEK293FT нуклеазами выявило, что SpCas9 справляется с хроматином любой плотности нуклеосом, тогда как AsCpf1 эффективно вносит разрывы в ДНК только в локусах с открытым хроматином – AAVS1 и <italic>MYBPC3</italic>. В локусе GSH-Ch1 с высокой плотностью нуклеосом события редактирования происходят на очень низком уровне.</p><p><bold>Заключение.</bold> Показана низкая эффективность нуклеазы AsCpf1 в геномном safe harbor локусе GSH-Ch1, который характеризуется высокой плотностью нуклеосом. При планировании эксперимента по геномному редактированию с помощью нуклеазы AsCpf1 следует учитывать эпигенетический ландшафт хроматина и плотность нуклеосом, а также использовать вещества, влияющие на структуру хроматина.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gene editing</kwd><kwd>CRISPR-Cas nuclease SpCas9 and AsCpf1</kwd><kwd>guide RNA</kwd><kwd>nucleosomes</kwd><kwd>open chromatin</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>редактирование геномов</kwd><kwd>CRISPR-Cas нуклеазы SpCas9 и AsCpf1</kwd><kwd>направляющая РНК</kwd><kwd>нуклеосомы</kwd><kwd>открытый хроматин</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Mali P, Yang L, Esvelt KM, Aach J, Guell M, Di-Carlo JE, Norville JE, Church GM. RNA-guided human genome engineering via Cas9. Science. 2013;339(6121): 823–826. doi: 10.1126/science.1232033.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Cong L, Ran FA, Cox D, Lin S, Barretto R, Habib N, Hsu PD, Wu X, Jiang W, Marraffini LA, Zhang F. Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems. Science. 2013;339(6121): 819–823. doi: 10.1126/science.1231143.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3. Barrangou R, Fremaux C, Deveau H, Richards M, Boyaval P, Moineau S, Romero DA, Horvath P. CRISPR provides acquired resistance against vi ruses in prokaryotes. Science. 2007;315(5819): 1709–1712. doi: 10.1126/science.1138140.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4. Mojica FJ, Díez-Villaseñor C, Soria E, Juez G. Biological significance of a family of regularly spaced repeats in the genomes of Archaea, Bacteria and mitochondria. Mol Microbiol. 2000;36(1): 244–246. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.01838.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5. Mojica FJ, Díez-Villaseñor C, García-Martínez J, Soria E. Intervening sequences of regularly spaced prokaryotic repeats derive from foreign genetic elements. J Mol Evol. 2005;60(2): 174–182. doi: 10.1007/s00239-004-0046-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6. Koonin EV, Makarova KS, Zhang F. Diversity, classification and evolution of CRISPR-Cas systems. Curr Opin Microbiol. 2017;37:67–78. doi: 10.1016/j.mib.2017.05.008.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7. Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E. A programmable dual-RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science. 2012;337(6096): 816–821. doi: 10.1126/science.1225829.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8. Doudna JA, Charpentier E. Genome editing. The new frontier of genome engineering with CRISPR-Cas9. Science. 2014;346(6213): 1258096. doi: 10.1126/science.1258096.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9. Fu Y, Foden JA, Khayter C, Maeder ML, Reyon D, Joung JK, Sander JD. High-frequency off-target mutagenesis induced by CRISPR-Cas nucleases in human cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2013;31(9): 822–826. doi: 10.1038/nbt.2623.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10. Kleinstiver BP, Tsai SQ, Prew MS, Nguyen NT, Welch MM, Lopez JM, McCaw ZR, Aryee MJ, Joung JK. Genome-wide specificities of CRIS-PR-Cas Cpf1 nucleases in human cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2016;34(8): 869–874. doi: 10.1038/nbt.3620.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11. Zetsche B, Gootenberg JS, Abudayyeh OO, Slaymaker  IM, Makarova  KS, Essletzbichler P, Volz SE, Joung J, van der Oost J, Regev A, Koonin EV, Zhang F. Cpf1 is a single RNA-guided endonuclease of a class 2 CRIS-PR-Cas system. Cell. 2015;163(3): 759–771. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2015.09.038.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12. Kim D, Kim J, Hur JK, Been KW, Yoon SH, Kim JS. Genome-wide analysis reveals specificities of Cpf1 endonucleases in human cells. Nat Biotechnol. 2016;34(8): 863–868. doi: 10.1038/nbt.3609.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13. Gao L, Cox DBT, Yan WX, Manteiga JC, Schneider MW, Yamano T, Nishimasu H, Nureki O, Crosetto N, Zhang F. Engineered Cpf1 variants with altered PAM specificities. Nat Biotechnol. 2017;35(8): 789–792. doi: 10.1038/nbt.3900.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14. Rivière I, Dunbar CE, Sadelain M. Hematopoietic stem cell engineering at a crossroads. Blood. 2012;119(5): 1107–1116. doi: 10.1182/blood-2011-09-349993.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15. Gaspar HB, Cooray S, Gilmour KC, Parsley KL, Zhang F, Adams S, Bjorkegren E, Bayford J, Brown L, Davies EG, Veys P, Fairbanks L, Bordon V, Petropoulou T, Kinnon C, Thrasher AJ. Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy for adenosine deaminase-deficient severe combined immunodeficiency leads to long-term immunological recovery and metabolic correction. Sci Transl Med. 2011;3(97): 97ra80. doi: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002716.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16. Cartier N, Hacein-Bey-Abina S, Bartholomae CC, Veres G, Schmidt M, Kutschera I, Vidaud M, Abel U, Dal-Cortivo L, Caccavelli L, Mahlaoui N, Kiermer V, Mittelstaedt D, Bellesme C, Lahlou N, Lefrère F, Blanche S, Audit M, Payen E, Leboulch P, l'Homme B, Bougnères P, Von Kalle C, Fischer A, Cavazzana-Calvo M, Aubourg P. Hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy with a lentiviral vector in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy. Science. 2009;326(5954): 818–823. doi: 10.1126/science.1171242.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17. Sadelain M, Papapetrou EP, Bushman FD. Safe harbours for the integration of new DNA in the human genome. Nat Rev Cancer. 2011;12(1): 51–58. doi: 10.1038/nrc3179.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18. Pellenz S, Phelps M, Tang W, Hovde BT, Sinit RB, Fu W, Li H, Chen E, Monnat RJ Jr. New Human Chromosomal Sites with "Safe Harbor" Potential for Targeted Transgene Insertion. Hum Gene Ther. 2019;30(7): 814–828. doi: 10.1089/hum.2018.169.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19. Horlbeck MA, Witkowsky LB, Guglielmi B, Replogle JM, Gilbert LA, Villalta JE, Torigoe SE, Tjian R, Weissman JS. Nucleosomes impede Cas9 access to DNA in vivo and in vitro. Elife. 2016;5:e12677. doi: 10.7554/eLife.12677.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20. Strohkendl I, Saifuddin FA, Gibson BA, Rosen MK, Russell R, Finkelstein IJ. Inhibition of CRISPR-Cas12a DNA targeting by nucleosomes and chromatin. Sci Adv. 2021;7(11):eabd6030. doi: 10.1126/sciadv.abd6030.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21. Barkal AA, Srinivasan S, Hashimoto T, Gifford DK, Sherwood RI. Cas9 Functionally Opens Chromatin. PLoS One. 2016;11(3):e0152683. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152683.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22. Ran FA, Hsu PD, Wright J, Agarwala V, Scott DA, Zhang F. Genome engineering using the CRIS-PR-Cas9 system. Nat Protoc. 2013;8(11): 2281–2308. doi: 10.1038/nprot.2013.143.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23. Buenrostro JD, Giresi PG, Zaba LC, Chang HY, Greenleaf WJ. Transposition of native chromatin for fast and sensitive epigenomic profiling of open chromatin, DNA-binding proteins and nucleosome position. Nat Methods. 2013;10(12): 1213–1218. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.2688.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24. Kim D, Langmead B, Salzberg SL. HISAT: a fast spliced aligner with low memory requirements. Nat Methods. 2015;12(4): 357–360. doi: 10.1038/nmeth.3317.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25. Kearse M, Moir R, Wilson A, Stones-Havas S, Cheung M, Sturrock S, Buxton S, Cooper A, Markowitz S, Duran C, Thierer T, Ashton B, Meintjes P, Drummond A. Geneious Basic: an integrated and extendable desktop software platform for the organization and analysis of sequence data. Bioinformatics. 2012;28(12): 1647–1649. doi: 10.1093/bioinformatics/bts199.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26. Smit AFA, Hubley R, Green P. RepeatMasker Open-4.0. 2013–2015. Available from: http://www.repeatmasker.org.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>27. Ustyantseva EI, Medvedev SP, Vetchinova AS, Minina JM, Illarioshkin SN, Zakian SM. A Platform for Studying Neurodegeneration Mechanisms Using Genetically Encoded Biosensors. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2019;84(3): 299–309. doi: 10.1134/S000629791903012X.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>28. Kimura Y, Shofuda T, Higuchi Y, Nagamori I, Oda M, Nakamori M, Onodera M, Kanematsu D, Yamamoto A, Katsuma A, Suemizu H, Nakano T, Kanemura Y, Mochizuki H. Human Genomic Safe Harbors and the Suicide Gene-Based Safeguard System for iPSC-Based Cell Therapy. Stem Cells Transl Med. 2019;8(7): 627–638. doi: 10.1002/sctm.18-0039.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>29. Schep  AN, Buenrostro  JD, Denny  SK, Schwartz K, Sherlock G, Greenleaf WJ. Structured nucleosome fingerprints enable high-resolution mapping of chromatin architecture within regulatory regions. Genome Res. 2015;25(11): 1757–1770. doi: 10.1101/gr.192294.115.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>30. Buenrostro JD, Wu B, Chang HY, Greenleaf WJ. ATAC-seq: A Method for Assaying Chromatin Accessibility Genome-Wide. Curr Protoc Mol Biol. 2015;109:21.29.1–21.29.9. doi: 10.1002/0471142727.mb2129s109.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>31. Boyle AP, Davis S, Shulha HP, Meltzer P, Margulies EH, Weng Z, Furey TS, Crawford GE. High-resolution mapping and characterization of open chromatin across the genome. Cell. 2008;132(2): 311–322. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2007.12.014.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>32. Igolkina AA, Zinkevich A, Karandasheva KO, Popov AA, Selifanova MV, Nikolaeva D, Tkachev V, Penzar D, Nikitin DM, Buzdin A. H3K4me3, H3K9ac, H3K27ac, H3K27me3 and H3K9me3 Histone Tags Suggest Distinct Regulatory Evolution of Open and Condensed Chromatin Landmarks. Cells. 2019;8(9): 1034. doi: 10.3390/cells8091034.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>33. Voong LN, Xi L, Wang JP, Wang X. Genome-wide Mapping of the Nucleosome Landscape by Micrococcal Nuclease and Chemical Mapping. Trends Genet. 2017;33(8): 495–507. doi: 10.1016/j.tig.2017.05.007.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
