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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1400</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2020-48-066</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">The role of bacterial metabolites derived from aromatic amino acids in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Роль бактериальных производных ароматических аминокислот в развитии неалкогольной жировой болезни печени</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4268-8881</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shcherbakova</surname><given-names>E. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щербакова</surname><given-names>Е. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Elena S. Shcherbakova</bold> – Junior Research Fellow, Laboratory of Microbiology</p><p><italic>7 Pudozhskaya ul., Saint Petersburg, 197110 </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Щербакова Елена Сергеевна</bold> – младший научный сотрудник лаборатории микробиологии</p><p><italic>197110, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Пудожская, 7</italic></p></bio><email>elenka.shcherbakova@ya.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5890-5641</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sall</surname><given-names>T. S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Салль</surname><given-names>Т. С.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Tatyana S. Sall</bold> – Junior Research Fellow, Laboratory of Microbiology</p><p><italic>7 Pudozhskaya ul., Saint Petersburg, 197110 </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Салль Татьяна Сергеевна</bold> – младший научный сотрудник лаборатории микробиологии</p><p><italic>197110, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Пудожская, 7</italic></p></bio><email>miss_taty@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0331-0963</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sitkin</surname><given-names>S. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ситкин</surname><given-names>С. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Stanislav I. Sitkin</bold> – MD, PhD, Leading Research Fellow, Laboratory of Microbiology State Research Institute of Especially Purified Bioproducts ; Associate Professor, Chair of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Dietetics n.a. S.M. Ryss North Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</p><p><italic>7 Pudozhskaya ul., Saint Petersburg, 197110, </italic></p><p><italic>47 Piskarevskiy prospekt, Saint Petersburg, 195067</italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Ситкин Станислав Игоревич</bold> – кандидат медицинских наук, ведущий научный сотрудник лаборатории микробиологии ФГУП «Государственный научно-исследовательский институт особо чистых биопрепаратов» ФМБА России; доцент кафедры пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и диетологии им. С.М. Рысса ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России</p><p><italic>197110, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Пудожская, 7,</italic></p><p><italic>195067, г. Санкт-Петербург, Пискаревский пр-т, 47</italic></p></bio><email>drsitkin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8221-6910</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vakhitov</surname><given-names>T. Ya.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вахитов</surname><given-names>Т. Я.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Timur Ya. Vakhitov</bold> – PhD (in Biol.), Chief Research Fellow, Laboratory of Microbiology</p><p><italic>7 Pudozhskaya ul., Saint Petersburg, 197110 </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Вахитов Тимур Яшэрович</bold> – доктор биологических наук, главный научный сотрудник лаборатории микробиологии</p><p><italic>197110, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Пудожская, 7</italic></p></bio><email>tim-vakhitov@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1872-3464</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Demyanova</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Демьянова</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Elena V. Demyanova</bold> – PhD (in Pharmacy), Head of Laboratory of Microbiology</p><p><italic>7 Pudozhskaya ul., Saint Petersburg, 197110 </italic></p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Демьянова Елена Валерьевна</bold> – кандидат фармацевтических наук, руководитель гранта; начальник лаборатории микробиологии</p><p><italic>197110, г. Санкт-Петербург, ул. Пудожская, 7</italic></p></bio><email>lenna_22@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State Research Institute of Especially Purified Bioproducts</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГУП «Государственный научно-исследовательский институт особо чистых биопрепаратов» ФМБА России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Северо-Западный государственный медицинский университет имени И.И. Мечникова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-12-29" publication-format="electronic"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>48</volume><issue>6</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>375</fpage><lpage>386</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-12-28"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-12-28"><day>28</day><month>12</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Shcherbakova E.S., Sall T.S., Sitkin S.I., Vakhitov T.Y., Demyanova E.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Щербакова Е.С., Салль Т.С., Ситкин С.И., Вахитов Т.Я., Демьянова Е.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Shcherbakova E.S., Sall T.S., Sitkin S.I., Vakhitov T.Y., Demyanova E.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Щербакова Е.С., Салль Т.С., Ситкин С.И., Вахитов Т.Я., Демьянова Е.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/1400">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/1400</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The review deals with the role of aromatic amino acids and their microbial metabolites in the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Pathological changes typical for NAFLD, as well as abnormal composition and/or functional activity of gut microbiota, results in abnormal aromatic amino acid metabolism. The authors discuss the potential of these amino acids and their bacterial metabolites to produce both negative and positive impact on the main steps of NAFLD pathophysiology, such as lipogenesis and inflammation, as well as on the liver functions through regulation of the intestinal barrier and microbiota-gut-liver axis signaling. The review gives detailed description of the mechanism of biological activity of tryptophan and its derivatives (indole, tryptamine, indole-lactic, indole-propyonic, indole-acetic acids, and indole-3-aldehyde) through the activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), preventing the development of liver steatosis. Bacteria-produced phenyl-alanine metabolites could promote liver steatosis (phenyl acetic and phenyl lactic acids) or, on the contrary, could reduce liver inflammation and increase insulin sensitivity (phenyl propionic acid). Tyramine, para-cumarate, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acids, being by-products of bacterial catabolism of tyrosine, can prevent NAFLD, whereas para-cresol and phenol accelerate the progression of NAFLD by damaging the barrier properties of intestinal epithelium. Abnormalities in bacterial catabolism of tyrosine, leading to its excess, stimulate fatty acid synthesis and promote lipid infiltration of the liver. The authors emphasize a close interplay between bacterial metabolism of aromatic amino acids by gut microbiota and the functioning of the human body. They hypothesize that microbial metabolites of aromatic amino acids may represent not only therapeutic targets or non-invasive biomarkers, but also serve as bioactive agents for NAFLD treatment and prevention.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Обзор посвящен роли ароматических аминокислот и их бактериальных производных в развитии и  прогрессировании неалкогольной жировой болезни печени (НАЖБП). Возникающие при НАЖБП патологические изменения в  организме, а  также нарушение состава и/или функциональной активности микробиоты кишечника приводят к  нарушению метаболизма ароматических аминокислот. Обсуждается способность этих аминокислот и их бактериальных производных оказывать как отрицательное, так и  положительное влияние на главные звенья патогенеза НАЖБП  – липогенез и  воспаление, а  также на функцию печени через регулирование кишечного барьера и  сигналов оси «микробиота  – кишечник  – печень». Подробно рассмотрены механизмы биологической активности триптофана и  его производных (индол, триптамин, индолмолочная, индолпропионовая, индолуксусная кислоты, индол-3-альдегид) за счет активации арилуглеводородного рецептора AhR, что предотвращает развитие стеатоза печени. Бактериальные продукты метаболизма фенилаланина могут способствовать развитию стеатоза печени (фенилуксусная и фенилмолочная кислоты) либо, напротив, снижать воспаление в  печени и  повышать чувствительность к инсулину (фенилпропионовая кислота). Тирамин, пара-кумарат, 4-гидроксифенилуксусная кислота  – продукты бактериального катаболизма тирозина  – могут предотвращать развитие НАЖБП, тогда как пара-крезол и  фенол содействуют прогрессированию НАЖБП посредством нарушения барьерных свойств кишечного эпителия. Нарушение бактериального катаболизма тирозина, приводящее к его избытку, стимулирует синтез жирных кислот и способствует отложению липидов в печени. Авторы подчеркивают тесное взаимодействие между бактериальным метаболизмом ароматических аминокислот, осуществляемым микробиотой кишечника, и функционированием организма человека. Высказывается предположение о том, что бактериальные производные ароматических аминокислот могут выступать в качестве не только терапевтических мишеней или неинвазивных биомаркеров, но и биоактивных агентов для терапии и профилактики НАЖБП.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>non-alcoholic fatty liver disease</kwd><kwd>lipogenesis</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>aromatic amino acids</kwd><kwd>gut microbiota</kwd><kwd>microbial metabolites</kwd><kwd>intestinal barrier</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени</kwd><kwd>липогенез</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>ароматические аминокислоты</kwd><kwd>микробиота кишечника</kwd><kwd>микробные метаболиты</kwd><kwd>кишечный барьер</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.Ji Y, Yin Y, Li Z, Zhang W. 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