<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1271</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2020-48-018</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE, LECTURE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР, ЛЕКЦИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Leucinosis, or maple syrup urine disease (lecture and a clinical case)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Лейциноз – болезнь кленового сиропа (лекция с описанием клинического наблюдения)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3483-7170</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsareva</surname><given-names>Ju. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Царева</surname><given-names>Ю. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Julia A. Tsareva</bold> – MD, PhD, Associate Professor, Сhair of Pediatrics, Center of Continuing Professional Education</p><p>112 Bol'shaya Kazach'ya ul., Saratov, Saratovskaya oblast', 410012</p><p>Tel.: +7 (909) 340 85 89</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Царева Юлия Александровна</bold> – канд. мед. наук, доцент кафедры педиатрии Центра подготовки кадров высшей квалификации и дополнительного профессионального образования</p><p>410012, Саратовская область, г. Саратов, ул. Большая Казачья, 112</p><p>Тел.: +7 (909) 340 85 89</p></bio><email>jutsareva@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1953-0389</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zryachkin</surname><given-names>N. I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зрячкин</surname><given-names>Н. И.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Nikolay I. Zryachkin</bold> – MD, PhD, Professor, Head of the Сhair of Pediatrics, Center of Continuing Professional Education</p><p>112 Bol'shaya Kazach'ya ul., Saratov, Saratovskaya oblast', 410012</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Зрячкин Николай Иванович</bold> – д-р мед. наук, профессор, заведующий кафедрой педиатрии Центра подготовки кадров высшей квалификации и дополнительного профессионального образования</p><p>410012, Саратовская область, г. Саратов, ул. Большая Казачья, 112</p></bio><email>nizryach@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4372-4132</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsova</surname><given-names>M. A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецова</surname><given-names>М. А.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Marina A. Kuznetsova</bold> – MD, PhD, Assistant Professor, Сhair of Pediatrics, Center of Continuing Professional Education</p><p>112 Bol'shaya Kazach'ya ul., Saratov, Saratovskaya oblast', 410012</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Кузнецова Марина Анатольевна</bold> – канд. мед. наук, ассистент кафедры педиатрии Центра подготовки кадров высшей квалификации и дополнительного профессионального образования</p><p>410012, Саратовская область, г. Саратов, ул. Большая Казачья, 112</p></bio><email>kma1961@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bogacheva</surname><given-names>E. V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Богачева</surname><given-names>Е. В.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Ekaterina V. Bogacheva</bold> – MD, District Pediatrician of Child Welfare Clinic</p><p>23 Vali Makeevoy ul., Atkarsk, Saratovskaya oblast', 412423</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Богачева Екатерина Васильевна</bold> – врач-педиатр участковый, детская поликлиника</p><p>412423, Саратовская область, г. Аткарск, ул. Вали Макеевой, 23</p></bio><email>bogachevaev1958@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Saratov State Medical University named after V.I. Razumovsky</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Саратовский государственный медицинский университет имени В.И. Разумовского» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Atkarsk District Hospital</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГУЗ СО «Аткарская районная больница»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-10-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>10</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>48</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>254</fpage><lpage>262</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-04-28"><day>28</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-04-28"><day>28</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Tsareva J.A., Zryachkin N.I., Kuznetsova M.A., Bogacheva E.V.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Царева Ю.А., Зрячкин Н.И., Кузнецова М.А., Богачева Е.В.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Tsareva J.A., Zryachkin N.I., Kuznetsova M.A., Bogacheva E.V.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Царева Ю.А., Зрячкин Н.И., Кузнецова М.А., Богачева Е.В.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/1271">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/1271</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Maple syrup urine disease (leucinosis, short-chain ketoaciduria, branched-chain disease, branched-chain ketonuria) is an autosomal recessive disorder which is a consequence of the deficient branched-chain alpha ketoacid dehydrogenase complex. There are five subtypes of the disease: classical, intermediate, intermittent, thiamine-dependent and E3-deficient. Leucinosis is characterized by high plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids (leucine, isoleucine and valine) and high urine levels of branched-chain ketoacids, as well as of lactate and pyruvate. Tandem mass spectrometry can be used as a screening method in newborns. Mild disease cannot be identified at screening. The diagnosis should be based on tandem mass spectrometry of a blood sample and aminoacid analysis by gas chromatography of a urine sample. Prenatal diagnosis requires molecular genetic tests. Treatment of maple syrup urine disease is aimed at normalization of plasma branched-chain amino acids levels and includes two main components, namely, life-long diet therapy and active treatment of acute metabolic deterioration episodes. A favorable course of the disease is possible only with early (pre-symptomatic) initiation of treatment. The development of cognitive functions depends on plasma leucine levels. We present a clinical case of delayed diagnosis of leucinosis, despite its early clinical manifestation, leading to irreversible consequences for the patient.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Болезнь кленового сиропа (лейциноз, короткоцепочечная кетоацидурия, болезнь разветвленных  кислот, разветвленноцепочечная кетонурия) обусловлена дефицитом дегидрогеназного комплекса альфа-кетокислот с разветвленной цепью. Наследуется по аутосомно-рецессивному типу. Выделяют пять форм заболевания: классическую, промежуточную, интермиттирующую, тиамин-зависимую и Е3-дефицитную. При лейцинозе регистрируются высокие уровни короткоцепочечных аминокислот (лейцина, изолейцина и валина) в плазме и высокие уровни короткоцепочечных кетокислот, а также лактата и пирувата в моче. В качестве скрининга у новорожденных может применяться тандемная масс-спектрометрия. Легкие формы заболевания посредством скрининга не выявляются. Диагностику необходимо осуществлять методом тандемной масс-спектрометрии крови и проводить аминокислотный анализ с помощью газовой хроматографии мочи. Для пренатальной диагностики необходимо выполнение молекулярно-генетического исследования. Лечебные мероприятия при болезни кленового сиропа направлены на достижение нормальных концентраций короткоцепочечных аминокислот в плазме и имеют два основных аспекта: пожизненная диетотерапия и активное лечение эпизодов метаболической декомпенсации. Благоприятное течение заболевания возможно лишь при раннем (досимптомном) начале терапии. Развитие когнитивной функции зависит от уровня лейцина в плазме. Приводится клиническое наблюдение, в котором лейциноз, несмотря на раннюю клиническую манифестацию, был распознан с запозданием, что привело к необратимым последствиям для пациента.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>maple syrup urine disease</kwd><kwd>branched-chain ketoaciduria</kwd><kwd>ketoacid decarboxylase deficiency</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>болезнь кленового сиропа</kwd><kwd>дефицит дегидрогеназного комплекса альфа-кетокислот с разветвленной цепью</kwd><kwd>лейциноз</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd><kwd>короткоцепочечная кетоацидурия</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Menkes JH, Hurst PL, Craig JM. A new syndrome: progressive familial infantile cerebral dysfunction associated with an unusual urinary substance. Pediatrics. 1954;14(5): 462–7.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2. Naylor EW. Newborn screening for maple syrup urine disease (branched-chain ketoaciduria). In: Bickel H, Guthrie R, Hammersen G, editors. Neonatal screening for inborn errors of metabolism. Berlin: Springer Verlag; 1980. p. 19–28. doi: 10.1007/978-3-642-67488-4_3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>3. Chapman KA, Gramer G, Viall S, Summar ML. Incidence of maple syrup urine disease, propionic acidemia, and methylmalonic aciduria from newborn screening data. Mol Genet Metab Rep. 2018;15:106–9. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2018.03.011.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>4. Quental S, Vilarinho L, Martins E, Teles EL, Rodrigues E, Diogo L, Garcia P, Eusébio F, Gaspar A, Sequeira S, Amorim A, Prata MJ. Incidence of maple syrup urine disease in Portugal. Mol Genet Metab. 2010;100(4):385–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2010.04.007.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>5. Puffenberger EG. Genetic heritage of the Old Order Mennonites of southeastern Pennsylvania. Am J Med Genet C Semin Med Genet. 2003;121C(1):18–31. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.c.20003.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>6. Burrage LC, Nagamani SC, Campeau PM, Lee BH. Branched-chain amino acid metabolism: from rare Mendelian diseases to more common disorders. Hum Mol Genet. 2014;23(R1):R1–8. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddu123.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>7. Brosnan JT, Brosnan ME. Branched-chain amino acids: enzyme and substrate regulation. J Nutr. 2006;136(1 Suppl):207–11S. doi: 10.1093/jn/136.1.207S.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>8. Wang XL, Li CJ, Xing Y, Yang YH, Jia JP. Hypervalinemia and hyperleucine-isoleucinemia caused by mutations in the branched-chain-amino-acid aminotransferase gene. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2015;38(5):855–61. doi: 10.1007/s10545-015-9814-z.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>9. Cole JT. Metabolism of BCAAs. In: Rajendram R, Preedy VR, Patel VB, editors. Branched Chain Amino Acids in Clinical Nutrition. New York: Springer; 2015. Vol. 1. p. 13–24. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1923-9_2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>10. Chuang  DT. Maple syrup urine disease: it has come a long way. J Pediatr. 1998;132(3 Pt 2):S17–23. doi: 10.1016/s0022-3476(98)70523-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>11. Korein J, Sansaricq C, Kalmijn M, Honig J, Lange B. Maple syrup urine disease: clinical, EEG, and plasma amino acid correlations with a theoretical mechanism of acute neurotoxicity. Int J Neurosci. 1994;79(1–2):21–45. doi: 10.3109/00207459408986065.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>12. Zhang B, Zhao Y, Harris RA, Crabb DW. Molecular defects in the E1 alpha subunit of the branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex that cause maple syrup urine disease. Mol Biol Med. 1991;8(1):39–47.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>13. Zhang B, Edenberg HJ, Crabb DW, Harris RA. Evidence for both a regulatory mutation and a structural mutation in a family with maple syrup urine disease. J Clin Invest. 1989;83(4):1425–9. doi: 10.1172/JCI114033.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>14. Nellis MM, Danner DJ. Gene preference in maple syrup urine disease. Am J Hum Genet. 2001;68(1):232–7. doi: 10.1086/316950.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>15. Zhang B, Kuntz MJ, Goodwin GW, Edenberg HJ, Crabb DW, Harris RA. cDNA cloning of the E1 alpha subunit of the branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase and elucidation of a molecular basis for maple syrup urine disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1989;573:130–6. doi: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1989.tb14991.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>16. Куркина МВ, Байдакова ГВ, Захарова ЕЮ. Высокая частота гомозиготных мутаций в генах BCKDHА, BCKDHB при болезни с запахом кленового сиропа мочи у российских пациентов. Тезисы XV Российского конгресса «Инновационные технологии в педиатрии и детской хирургии». Российский вестник перинатологии и педиатрии. 2016;61(4):198.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>17. Gupta D, Bijarnia-Mahay S, Saxena R, Kohli S, Dua-Puri R, Verma J, Thomas E, Shigematsu Y, Yamaguchi S, Deb R, Verma IC. Identification of mutations, genotype-phenotype correlation and prenatal diagnosis of maple syrup urine disease in Indian patients. Eur J Med Genet. 2015;58(9):471–8. doi: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2015.08.002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>18. Simon E, Flaschker N, Schadewaldt P, Langenbeck U, Wendel U. Variant maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) – the entire spectrum. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2006;29(6):716–24. doi: 10.1007/s10545-006-0276-1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>19. Oyarzabal A, Martínez-Pardo M, Merinero B, Navarrete R, Desviat LR, Ugarte M, Rodríguez-Pombo P. A novel regulatory defect in the branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase complex due to a mutation in the PPM1K gene causes a mild variant phenotype of maple syrup urine disease. Hum Mutat. 2013;34(2):355–62. doi: 10.1002/humu.22242.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>20. Guo Y, Liming L, Jiang L. Two novel compound heterozygous mutations in the BCKDHB gene that cause the intermittent form of maple syrup urine disease. Metab Brain Dis. 2015;30(6):1395–400. doi: 10.1007/s11011-015-9711-z.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>21. Simon E, Fingerhut R, Baumkötter J, Konstantopoulou V, Ratschmann R, Wendel U. Maple syrup urine disease: favourable effect of early diagnosis by newborn screening on the neonatal course of the disease. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2006;29(4):532–7. doi: 10.1007/s10545-006-0315-y.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>22. Classic maple syrup urine disease [Internet]. Available from: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?Lng=EN&amp;Expert=268145.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>23. Hoffmann B, Helbling C, Schadewaldt P, Wendel U. Impact of longitudinal plasma leucine levels on the intellectual outcome in patients with classic MSUD. Pediatr Res. 2006;59(1):17–20. doi: 10.1203/01.pdr.0000190571.60385.34.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>24. Strauss KA, Wardley B, Robinson D, Hendrickson C, Rider NL, Puffenberger EG, Shellmer D, Moser AB, Morton DH. Classical maple syrup urine disease and brain development: principles of management and formula design. Mol Genet Metab. 2010;99(4):333–45. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.12.007.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>25. Manara R, Del Rizzo M, Burlina AP, Bordugo A, Citton V, Rodriguez-Pombo P, Ugarte M, Burlina AB. Wernicke-like encephalopathy during classic maple syrup urine disease decompensation. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2012;35(3):413–7. doi: 10.1007/s10545-012-9456-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>26. Intermediate maple syrup urine disease [Internet]. Available from: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Search.php?lng=EN&amp;data_id=20169&amp;Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseGroup=intermedi-ate-MSUD&amp;Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseType=Pat&amp;Disease(s)/group%20of%20diseases=Intermediate-maple-syrup-urine-disease&amp;title=Intermediate%20maple%20syrup%20urine%20disease&amp;search=Disease_Search_Simple.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>27. Bhattacharya K, Khalili V, Wiley V, Carpenter K, Wilcken B. Newborn screening may fail to identify intermediate forms of maple syrup urine disease. J Inherit Metab Dis. 2006;29(4):586. doi: 10.1007/s10545-006-0366-0.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>28. Intermittent maple syrup urine disease [Internet]. Available from: https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/Disease_Search.php?lng=EN&amp;data_id=20170&amp;Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseGroup=Intermittent-MSUD&amp;Disease_Disease_Search_diseaseType=Pat&amp;Disease(s)/group%20of%20diseases=Intermittent-maple-syrup-urine-disease&amp;title=Intermittent%20maple%20syrup%20urine%20disease&amp;search=Disease_Search_Simple.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>29. Scriver CR, Mackenzie S, Clow CL, Delvin E. Thiamine-responsive maple-syrup-urine disease. Lancet. 1971;1(7694):310–2. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(71)91041-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>30. Shaag A, Saada A, Berger I, Mandel H, Joseph A, Feigenbaum A, Elpeleg ON. Molecular basis of lipoamide dehydrogenase deficiency in Ashkenazi Jews. Am J Med Genet. 1999;82(2):177–82. doi: 10.1002/(sici)1096-8628(19990115)82:2&lt;177::aid-ajmg15&gt;3.0.co;2-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>31. Therrell BL, Padilla CD, Loeber JG, Kneisser I, Saadallah A, Borrajo GJ, Adams J. Current status of newborn screening worldwide: 2015. Semin  Perinatol. 2015;39(3):171–87. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2015.03.002.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>32. Oglesbee D, Sanders KA, Lacey JM, Magera MJ, Casetta B, Strauss KA, Tortorelli S, Rinaldo P, Matern D. Second-tier test for quantification of alloisoleucine and branched-chain amino acids in dried blood spots to improve newborn screening for maple syrup urine disease (MSUD). Clin Chem. 2008;54(3):542–9. doi: 10.1373/clinchem.2007.098434.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>33. Puckett RL, Lorey F, Rinaldo P, Lipson MH, Matern D, Sowa ME, Levine S, Chang R, Wang RY, Abdenur JE. Maple syrup urine disease: further evidence that newborn screening may fail to identify variant forms. Mol Genet Metab. 2010;100(2):136–42. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2009.11.010.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>34. Ali EZ, Ngu LH. Fourteen new mutations of BCKDHA, BCKDHB and DBT genes associated with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) in Malaysian population. Mol Genet Metab Rep. 2018;17:22–30. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2018.08.006.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>35. Wessel AE, Mogensen KM, Rohr F, Erick M, Neilan EG, Chopra S, Levy HL, Gray KJ, Wilkins-Haug L, Berry GT. Management of a Woman With Maple Syrup Urine Disease During Pregnancy, Delivery, and Lactation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr. 2015;39(7):875–9. doi: 10.1177/0148607114526451.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>36. Frazier DM, Allgeier C, Homer C, Marriage BJ, Ogata B, Rohr F, Splett PL, Stembridge A, Singh RH. Nutrition management guideline for maple syrup urine disease: an evidence- and consensus-based approach. Mol Genet Metab. 2014;112(3):210–7. doi: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2014.05.006.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>37. Köse M, Canda E, Kagnici M, Uçar SK, Çoker M. A Patient with MSUD: Acute management with sodium phenylacetate/sodium benzoate and sodium phenylbutyrate. Case Rep Pediatr. 2017;2017:1045031. doi: 10.1155/2017/1045031.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>38. Aygun F, Aygun D, Erbek Alp F, Zubarıoglu T, Zeybek C, Cam H. The impact of continuous renal replacement therapy for metabolic disorders in infants. Pediatr Neonatol. 2018;59(1):85–90. doi: 10.1016/j.pedneo.2017.04.004.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>39. Demirkol D, Şık G, Topal N, Çıtak A, Zeybek Ç, Tüten A, Bilge I. Continuous venovenous hemodiafiltration in the treatment of maple syrup urine disease. Blood Purif. 2016;42(1):27–32. doi: 10.1159/000443783.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>40. Puliyanda DP, Harmon WE, Peterschmitt MJ, Irons M, Somers MJ. Utility of hemodialysis in maple syrup urine disease. Pediatr Nephrol. 2002;17(4):239–42. doi: 10.1007/s00467-001-0801-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>41. Lynch CJ, Adams SH. Branched-chain amino acids in metabolic signalling and insulin resistance. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2014;10(12):723–36. doi: 10.1038/nrendo.2014.171.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>42. Yasui T, Suzuki T, Hara F, Watanabe S, Uga N, Naoe A, Yoshikawa T, Ito T, Nakajima Y, Miura H, Sugioka A, Kato Y, Tokoro T, Tanahashi Y, Kasahara M, Fukuda A, Kurahashi H. Successful living donor liver transplantation for classical maple syrup urine disease. Pediatr Transplant. 2016;20(5):707–10. doi: 10.1111/petr.12738.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>43. Squires RH, Ng V, Romero R, Ekong U, Hardikar W, Emre S, Mazariegos GV; American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases; American Society of Transplantation; North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. Evaluation of the pediatric patient for liver transplantation: 2014 practice guideline by the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, American Society of Transplantation and the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;59(1):112–31. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000431.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>44. Takano C, Ishige M, Ogawa E, Usui H, Kagawa R, Tajima G, Fujiki R, Fukao T, Mizuta K, Fuchigami T, Takahashi S. A case of classical maple syrup urine disease that was successfully managed by living donor liver transplantation. Pediatr Transplant. 2017;21(5). doi: 10.1111/petr.12948.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>45. Díaz VM, Camarena C, de la Vega Á, Martínez-Pardo M, Díaz C, López M, Hernández F, Andrés A, Jara P. Liver transplantation for classical maple syrup urine disease: long-term follow-up. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2014;59(5):636–9. doi: 10.1097/MPG.0000000000000469.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
