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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1257</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2020-48-014</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>LECTURE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ЛЕКЦИЯ</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Merkel cell carcinoma (neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin): a lecture with a brief overview of 19 cases and demonstration of two clinical observations</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Нейроэндокринная карцинома кожи из клеток Меркеля. Лекция с кратким обзором 19 случаев и демонстрацией двух клинических наблюдений</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9731-3649</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Gurevich</surname><given-names>L. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гуревич</surname><given-names>Л. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Larisa E. Gurevich - ScD in Biology, Professor, Leading Research Fellow, Department of Oncology.</p><p>61/2 Shchepkina ul., Moscow, 129110.</p><p>Tel.: +7 (495) 631 74 22.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гуревич Лариса Евсеевна - доктор биологических наук, профессор, ведущий научный сотрудник морфологического отделения отдела онкологии.</p><p>129110, Москва, ул. Щепкина, 61/2.</p><p>Тел.: +7 (495) 631 74 22.</p></bio><email>larisgur@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2668-9136</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Grishina</surname><given-names>E. E.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Гришина</surname><given-names>Е. Е.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Elena E. Grishina - MD, PhD, Professor, Chief Research Fellow, Department of Oncology.</p><p>61/2 Shchepkina ul., Moscow, 129110.</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>Гришина Елена Евгеньевна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор, главный научный сотрудник отдела онкологии.</p><p>129110, Москва, ул. Щепкина, 61/2.</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2020-07-30" publication-format="electronic"><day>30</day><month>07</month><year>2020</year></pub-date><volume>48</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>125</fpage><lpage>139</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-03-27"><day>27</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2020-03-27"><day>27</day><month>03</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2020, Gurevich L.E., Grishina E.E.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2020, Гуревич Л.Е., Гришина Е.Е.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2020</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gurevich L.E., Grishina E.E.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Гуревич Л.Е., Гришина Е.Е.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/1257">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/1257</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The lecture deals with epidemiology, clinical morphological and genetic characteristics of a rare aggressive neuroendocrine carcinoma of the skin, or Merkel cell carcinoma (MC). We describe the algorithms for the differential diagnosis of these tumors and their treatment approaches, and focus on the main unresolved issues, such as delayed and erroneous diagnosis, the search for new diagnostic markers and targets for the development of more effective treatment methods. We provide a brief clinical and morphological analysis of 19 own observations of MC in 10 men and 9 women aged 40 to 85 years (57.9% of the patients were above 60 years, 31.6% from 50 to 60 years, and 10.5%, below 50 years). In 42.1% of the cases, the tumors were located in the head, in 15.8% in the limbs, and in 15.8% in the trunk and soft tissues; in the rest of the cases the primary tumor location was not identified. Only in 4 cases MC was diagnosed immediately; in all other cases, the initial diagnoses had been wrong. The diagnosis of MC was established after the analysis of medical files, histological and immunohistochemical biopsy studies and was confirmed by immunohistochemistry. All the tumors were expressing synaptophysin, chromogranin A, CD56; in all cases except one, cytokeratin 20 of the dote-like type, type 2A somatostatin receptors in 66.7%, nuclear survivin in 100%, p53 in 88.9%, CD117 in 57.1%. To illustrate the topic, we present 2 clinical observations of MC. The first case was an 82-year old man who had been living for a long time in the territory with increased sun radiation. A bright red tumor developed on his left upper eyelid, becoming gigantic (5 cm in diameter) within 2 months and bleeding. Despite the radical excision of the tumor, at 2 months after the surgery he developed local recurrence and metastases in regional lymph nodes. Thereafter, he underwent the orbital exenteration and lymphodissection of the affected lymph nodes. The second observation was a 63-year old man. At 10 years after he had had his renal transplant, he developed a mixed skin tumor on the anterior neck surface. The tumor was represented by MC and porocarcinoma with signs of squamous and sebaceous differentiation. These observations demonstrate MC rapid growth, its aggressive potential and such risk factors as prolonged high insolation and long-term drug immunosuppression after organ transplantation. <bold>Conclusion</bold>: At present, the rarity and low understanding of MC, its rapid growth, late diagnosis, aggressive biological potential and the lack of uniform treatment standards do not allow for cure in most such patients. The solution to the problem lies in the search for the cellular targets that would allow for the development of new effective targeted treatments for these aggressive tumors. In addition, integration of any results obtained in multicenter studies of the disease is essential.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В лекции приведены эпидемиологические, клинико-морфологические и генетические сведения о редкой агрессивной нейроэндокринной карциноме кожи из клеток Меркеля (КМ), описаны алгоритмы дифференциальной диагностики этих опухолей и подходы к их терапии; акцентируется внимание на основных нерешенных проблемах: поздней и ошибочной диагностике, необходимости поиска новых диагностических маркеров и мишеней для разработки более эффективных методов лечения. Дан краткий клинико-морфологический анализ 19 собственных наблюдений КМ - у 10 мужчин и 9 женщин в возрасте от 40 до 85 лет (57,9% пациентов были в возрасте более 60 лет, 31,6% - от 50 до 60 лет, 10,5% - до 50 лет). В 42,1% случаев опухоли локализовались в области головы, в 15,8% - конечностей и еще в 15,8% - туловища и мягких тканей, в остальных случаях первичная локализация опухоли не была установлена. Только в 4 наблюдениях диагноз КМ был установлен сразу, в других случаях первоначальный диагноз был ошибочным. Диагноз КМ был установлен после анализа клинической документации, гистологического и иммуногистохимического исследований биопсийного материала и подтвержден после иммуногистохимического исследования. Все опухоли экспрессировали синаптофизин, хромогранин А, CD56, во всех случаях, кроме 1, определялся цитокератин 20 по dote-like типу, в 66,7% - рецепторы к соматостатину 2А типа, в 100% - в ядрах клеток сурвивин, в 88,9% - р53, в 57,1% - CD117. В качестве иллюстрации приводятся 2 клинических наблюдения КМ. Первое наблюдение описывает историю болезни 82-летнего мужчины, долго проживавшего на территории повышенной инсоляции. На верхнем веке левого глаза развилась опухоль ярко-красного цвета, в течение 2 месяцев она достигла гигантских размеров (5 см) и кровоточила. Несмотря на радикальное иссечение опухоли у больного через 2 месяца развился локальный рецидив и метастазы в регионарных лимфатических узлах, после чего пациенту была выполнена повторная операция - экзентерация левой орбиты и лимфодиссекция пораженных лимфатических узлов. Во втором наблюдении у пациента 63 лет через 10 лет после пересадки почки на передней поверхности шеи развилась смешанная опухоль кожи, представленная КМ и порокарциномой с признаками плоскоклеточной и себацейной дифференцировки. Приведенные наблюдения демонстрируют быстрый рост, агрессивный потенциал КМ и такие факторы риска их возникновения, как многолетняя повышенная инсоляция и длительная лекарственная иммуносупрессия после трансплантации органа. <bold>Заключение</bold>. Редкость и недостаточная изученность КМ, быстрый рост опухоли, поздняя диагностика, агрессивный биологический потенциал и отсутствие единых стандартов лечения не позволяют излечивать большинство пациентов с этой патологией. Решение проблемы состоит в поиске тех клеточных мишеней, против которых будут направлены новые эффективные таргетные препараты, предназначенные для лечения этих агрессивных опухолей. Необходимо также обобщение результатов многоцентровых исследований данной патологии.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>skin tumors</kwd><kwd>Merkel cell carcinoma</kwd><kwd>clinical course</kwd><kwd>diagnosis</kwd><kwd>immunophenotype</kwd><kwd>relapse</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>опухоли кожи</kwd><kwd>нейроэндокринная карцинома Меркеля</kwd><kwd>клиническое течение</kwd><kwd>диагностика</kwd><kwd>иммунофенотип</kwd><kwd>рецидивы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1.	Becker JC, Stang A, DeCaprio JA, Cerroni L, Lebbe C, Veness M, Nghiem P. Merkel cell carcinoma. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:17077. doi: 10.1038/nrdp.2017.77.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>2.	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