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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="other" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Almanac of Clinical Medicine</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Альманах клинической медицины</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2072-0505</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2587-9294</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">1038</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18786/2072-0505-2019-47-022</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>REVIEW ARTICLE</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОБЗОР</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Mixed connective tissue disease, undifferentiated connective tissue disease and overlap syndromes</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Смешанное заболевание соединительной ткани, недифференцированное заболевание соединительной ткани и перекрестные синдромы</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Alekperov</surname><given-names>R. T.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Алекперов</surname><given-names>Р. Т.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p><bold>Rizvan Tair oglu Alekperov </bold>– MD, PhD, Professor, Chair of Internal Diseases, Postgraduate Training Faculty Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI), Senior Research Fellow V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences</p><p><italic>61/2–9 Shchepkina ul., Moscow, 129110, </italic></p><p>34А Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow, 115522</p><p> </p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Алекперов Ризван Таир оглы </bold>– доктор медицинских наук, профессор кафедры терапии факультета усовершенствования врачей ГБУЗ МО «Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского», старший научный сотрудник ФГБНУ «Научноисследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»</p><p><italic>129110, г. Москва, ул. Щепкина, 61/2–9, каб. 219, </italic></p><p><italic>115522, г. Москва, Каширское шоссе, 34А</italic></p><p> </p></bio><email>ralekperov@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute (MONIKI)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ГБУЗ МО «Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт им. М.Ф. Владимирского»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">V.A. Nasonova Research Institute of Rheumatology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт ревматологии им. В.А. Насоновой»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-11-13" publication-format="electronic"><day>13</day><month>11</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>47</volume><issue>5</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>435</fpage><lpage>444</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2019-05-30"><day>30</day><month>05</month><year>2019</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Alekperov R.T.</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, Алекперов Р.Т.</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Alekperov R.T.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Алекперов Р.Т.</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/1038">https://almclinmed.ru/jour/article/view/1038</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, inflammatory myopathy and rheumatoid arthritis are systemic connective tissue disorders which are characterized by heterogeneous clinical symptoms and variable course. To date, updated diagnostic criteria for early diagnosis of each of the diseases of this group have been proposed. At the same time, a proportion of patients already have at the onset of the disease or over time, a combination of signs characteristic of different diseases. Such conditions are referred to as mixed connective tissue disease, undifferentiated connective tissue disease or overlap-syndrome, whose nosological identity remains the subject of discussion. Formerly there has been a kind of terminological confusion and similar conditions were described under different names, depending on the author's preferences. It was also believed that these conditions were an early stage or a clinically "incomplete" form of a connective tissue disease. However, as the observations of large patient groups have shown, whose disease was represented by a number of individual signs of several connective tissue diseases, the clinical manifestation remains unchanged for many years in the majority of them. To recognize the right for nosological independence, one should account for the fact that only for a mixed connective tissue disease various authors and research groups have proposed four variants of diagnostic criteria. These criteria have small differences in the number of clinical signs; however, all criteria include a mandatory sign, i.e. the presence of antibodies to U1-ribonucleoprotein in high titers. Clinical signs common to all these diagnostic criteria include the Raynaud's syndrome, arthritis, myositis and finger swelling or sclerodactyly. Another patient category includes those with mono- or oligosymptomatic manifestations characteristic of systemic connective tissue diseases, but without any specific immunological markers. Some of these patients in a fairly short time, usually from several months to 1–2 years, develop other clinical symptoms and signs corresponding to a reliable diagnosis of a connective tissue disease. At the same time, a significant part of patients with the oligosymptomatic course demonstrate a long-term stability without any further evolution of the disease. Such cases are defined as an undifferentiated connective tissue disease. To avoid the erroneous diagnosis of the transient form or an early stage of any connective tissue disease, the proposed classification criteria, along with the inclusion criteria, also embrace clinical and serological exclusion criteria. A separate category consists of patients with a combination of clinical signs sufficient for a definitive diagnosis of at least two systemic connective tissue diseases. These patients are diagnosed with the overlap-syndrome with indication of the components of connective tissue diseases in each individual case, as it largely determines the individual treatment and prognosis. The possibility of such clinical variants of systemic connective tissue diseases is becoming increasingly justified due to the concept of polyautoimmunity, which has attracted great interest of researchers in the last few years.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Системная красная волчанка, системная склеродермия, воспалительные миопатии и ревматоидный артрит – системные заболевания соединительной ткани, характеризующиеся гетерогенной клинической симптоматикой и вариабельным течением. К настоящему времени предложены обновленные диагностические критерии для ранней диагностики каждого из заболеваний этой группы. Вместе с тем у части пациентов уже в дебюте болезни или с течением времени выявляется сочетание признаков, характерных для разных заболеваний группы. Такие состояния обозначают как смешанное заболевание соединительной ткани, недифференцированное заболевание соединительной ткани или перекрестный синдром, нозологическая идентичность которых остается предметом обсуждения. Ранее была терминологическая путаница, и схожие состояния описывались под разными названиями в зависимости от предпочтений автора. Существовало мнение о том, что эти состояния являются ранней стадией или клинически «неполной» формой того или иного заболевания соединительной ткани. Однако, как показали наблюдения больших групп пациентов, болезнь которых представлена набором отдельных признаков нескольких заболеваний соединительной ткани, у большинства из них клиническая картина остается неизменной на протяжении многих лет. Признанием права на «нозологическую самостоятельность» можно считать то, что только по смешанному заболеванию соединительной ткани разными авторами и группами исследователей предложены четыре варианта диагностических критериев. Эти критерии имеют небольшие различия по количеству клинических признаков, но во всех них обязательным параметром указывается наличие антител к U1-рибонуклеопротеину в высоких титрах. Общими клиническими признаками для этих диагностических критериев являются синдром Рейно, артриты, миозит и отечность пальцев или склеродактилия. Другую категорию составляют пациенты с моно- или олигосимптомными проявлениями, характерными для системных заболеваний соединительной ткани, но без специфических иммунологических маркеров. У части этих больных в достаточно короткое время, обычно от нескольких месяцев до 1–2 лет, развиваются другие клинические симптомы и признаки, соответствующие достоверному диагнозу какого-либо заболевания соединительной ткани. В то же время у значительного числа пациентов с олигосимптомным течением на протяжении длительного времени отмечается стабильное состояние без дальнейшей эволюции болезни. Такие случаи определяют как недифференцированное заболевание соединительной ткани. Чтобы избежать ошибочной диагностики транзиторной формы или ранней стадии какого-либо заболевания соединительной ткани, в предложенных классификационных критериях наряду с критериями включения представлены также клинические и серологические критерии исключения. К отдельной категории отнесены пациенты с сочетанием клинических признаков, достаточных для достоверного диагноза по меньшей мере двух системных заболеваний соединительной ткани. У этих пациентов диагностируется перекрестный синдром с указанием в каждом случае составляющих заболеваний соединительной ткани, так как это во многом определяет индивидуальное лечение и прогноз. Выделение таких клинических вариантов системных заболеваний соединительной ткани становится все более обоснованным благодаря концепции полиаутоиммунности, привлекающей к себе все больший интерес исследователей.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>mixed connective tissue disease</kwd><kwd>undifferentiated connective tissue disease</kwd><kwd>overlap syndromes</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>смешанное заболевание соединительной ткани</kwd><kwd>недифференцированное заболевание соединительной ткани</kwd><kwd>перекрестные синдромы</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>1. Sharp GC, Irvin WS, Tan EM, Gould RG, Holman HR. 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